Today's modern men and women juggle so many contrasting demands. Whether it is balancing love, social activities, work, marriage and children, or friends and family, everyone seems to have far too little time.
Consequently, many active people don't get the nutrients they need, whether it is because of stress, a fast food diet, or strenuous activity. The more active a person is, the more susceptible to tension and body fatigue. Oftentimes as people find themselves working at their career, jobs, or education, they find less time to consider healthy choices. Without the right nutrients provided by a healthy diet, these negative factors, if left unchecked for too long, could result in major health problems. An early warning sign is the habit of eating on the run. This is the person that usually grabs whatever fast food convenient, and though this may satisfy those hunger pangs; nutritional content is lacking.
Even people who regularly exercise can be unhealthy. Exercise requires more energy and therefore the body loses important minerals at a greater rate than those that are less mobile. In the effort to improve health, many so-called fitness enthusiasts also soon run low on energy or stamina.
So what are active people to do to start living a healthier lifestyle? Adults should supplement their diets with multivitamins, to ensure that they are getting the minimum daily requirements according to the Food and Drug Administration. The B complex is especially essential for maintaining energy levels. Studies show that active men and women may not be getting enough vitamin B, C, calcium, iron, zinc, or magnesium. So supplements rich in these vitamins and minerals are especially important.
Though it appears time will always be in short supply, there is still good news. For middle aged to older adults, most realize it's vital to remain active. Today due to advances in science and the medical field, the possibility of slowing the effects of unhealthy eating habits is achievable at every phase of adult life. Combining stress free activity and a fitness regimen with well-chosen vitamin supplements can retard the negative effects of today's modern living. A Harvard School of Public Health study has found that those who actively pursue proper nutrition and a social life can achieve a healthy lifestyle that can add several years to the quality of life.
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Today's modern men and women juggle so many contrasting demands. Whether it is balancing love, social activities, work, marriage and children, or friends and family, everyone seems to have far too little time.
Consequently, many active people don't get the nutrients they need, whether it is because of stress, a fast food diet, or strenuous activity. The more active a person is, the more susceptible to tension and body fatigue. Oftentimes as people find themselves working at their career, jobs, or education, they find less time to consider healthy choices. Without the right nutrients provided by a healthy diet, these negative factors, if left unchecked for too long, could result in major health problems. An early warning sign is the habit of eating on the run. This is the person that usually grabs whatever fast food convenient, and though this may satisfy those hunger pangs; nutritional content is lacking.
Even people who regularly exercise can be unhealthy. Exercise requires more energy and therefore the body loses important minerals at a greater rate than those that are less mobile. In the effort to improve health, many so-called fitness enthusiasts also soon run low on energy or stamina.
So what are active people to do to start living a healthier lifestyle? Adults should supplement their diets with multivitamins, to ensure that they are getting the minimum daily requirements according to the Food and Drug Administration. The B complex is especially essential for maintaining energy levels. Studies show that active men and women may not be getting enough vitamin B, C, calcium, iron, zinc, or magnesium. So supplements rich in these vitamins and minerals are especially important.
Though it appears time will always be in short supply, there is still good news. For middle aged to older adults, most realize it's vital to remain active. Today due to advances in science and the medical field, the possibility of slowing the effects of unhealthy eating habits is achievable at every phase of adult life. Combining stress free activity and a fitness regimen with well-chosen vitamin supplements can retard the negative effects of today's modern living. A Harvard School of Public Health study has found that those who actively pursue proper nutrition and a social life can achieve a healthy lifestyle that can add several years to the quality of life.
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Move to Finland. I'm not kidding.
Hell, I'd move to Finland if I could, but that's not an option for people without easy access to visas and EU citizenry, especially if we're not a good fit for Nokia.
I agree that you're undervaluing NYC. San Francisco is cute but most people drive there (try relying on the BART late at night or biking up those damn hills) and I personally disliked the smug yoga-esque attitude, but I'm a cold-hearted East Coast bitch.
I'll also throw in my hat for Chicago, my favorite city in the US besides, ostensibly, Brooklyn.
So let's do this one by one:
-the complete and utter lack of public transportation - we'd like to give up the car completely and live somewhere that this is normal
In this respect, I think Chicago has excellent real estate for its asking price, but Chicagoans can weigh in on this further. NYC's expensive living costs are significantly overhyped when you factor in the $89/month transportation fee, free stuff to do, and quality of life. I've lived here for nearly 5 years and know by now that a fairly-priced apartment in a cute, safe neighborhood is extremely feasible if you're willing to sweat out Craigslist and ask basically everyone you know if they've heard of good places opening up.
-the lack of a vibrant web community - one of us is a career-focused designer, so telecommute is okay but definitely not as easy to arrange
Yeah, NYC has every city beat in this respect. Unless you can actually consider Europe or South Korea, the New York MTA is leagues beyond any other city's public transit. Owning a car is laughably unnecessary here.
-the lack of quality apartment space - options here consist of renting an absolute dump or buying a house
West Coast has NYC beat, but not by much, as there are metric tons of designers living in NYC. Chicago is far more iffy, I think.
-being hours away from the nearest popular music venue
-big box stores, chain restaurants and the absence of healthy food options ("wtf is a Whole Foods?")
Heh. Yeah, NYC is pretty much the end-all, be-all of this desire.
-the nonexistence of single/childfree/alt twenty and thirty-somethings - it would be great to know a few people who didn't settle down at 19!
This is one of my favorite things about NYC: people don't really settle down with kids and yards and shit until the woman/primary caregiver is around 34. It's so extremely common, so status quo, to meet lots of 30something couples who have absolutely no plans of conceiving. This is partly because NYC is pretty expensive without having a kid and partly because there's so much fun to be had in your later years that parenthood looks fucking dull and depressing by comparison.
-blatant racism and intolerance (we've got a KKK group nearby, not to mention the ever-present tea party, and they're not ignored)
That is so quaint.
Honestly, you guys sound like hardcore Brooklyn residents to me, maybe Chicagoans if you like the cold. Please don't write off NYC because of what Hollywood says the city looks and feels like. I'm a nice Midwestern girl myself, but I have the exact same tastes as you (anti-car, anti-early-family, pro-healthy eating, etc), down to the part where NYC (aka Manhattan) seems obnoxiously forbidding and not-fun. As it turns out, I was just a spiritual Brooklynski at heart.
posted by zoomorphic at 5:46 AM on July 30 [1 favorite]
Background:
I want to jump up and down on some thing that the Romans built (roads, etc.) I would like to get a picture of a castle, preferably still standing. Okay, okay, I want lots of pictures of castles, and other "this couldn't possibly have been taking in the US or Vietnam or the Bahamas or even Chile, neener neener neener" shots. And I want to visit this place, because my grandfather spent most of a year there when he was my age, and I know far more about it than almost any other place in Western Europe.
Meanwhile, I will not have a ton of money (probably less than $2000 total to cover the whole thing,) and speak not a single word of anything helpful (I can barely remember my Mexican Spanish from school; if I run into a Russian I'm golden, though.)
I care nothing for wine (I'm a Mormon) or bars or smoking or nightclubs or half of what reading the BBC news website seems to make vacationing in Europe about. I am deeply introverted, and would be delighted at wandering a huge tourist trap all by my lonesome with my camera and a bottle of water. I am a girl, and I will be traveling alone. I love museums and monuments and you can't pay me to sunbathe. I do have fairly extensive travel experience on my own in the United States in cars, trains, buses, and planes, but mostly day trips - anything longer has been with family or with them nearby, which this trip can't be. I was in ROTC/Sea Cadets as a kid and am about to take some more self-defense stuff just for the fun of it, so I am moderately confident in my ability not to die/freak out horribly under pressure.
My specific questions are:
- when is the best time, after January of 2011 but before September of 2011, to be in Spain? I hate crowds and 80-degree heat, but I hate 5-foot drifts of snow even more.
- I am an OCD kind of picky eater, slowly adding to my list of liked foods at a rate of about 2 per year, but I always like hard cheeses and simple breads and "plain" foods. Am I Doomed? I've been told to flat-out stay out of Germany until I'm much, much better about this. I will not try the baby squid no matter how much guilt is inflicted upon me.
- is it better, if I'm traveling to Burgos/San Pedro de Cardeña, to fly into Barcelona or Madrid, starting from Columbus (and not caring whether I have to transfer in Chicago, Orlando, or New York, but caring very much about the quality of of the experience?) I'm worried about the airports themselves, the train journey from each of them to Burgos, what I could do for just one day in either city if I decided to do that before heading out, how many people around will take pity on an English-speaking girl, etc.
- if traveling outside cities, do I need to worry about people making a big deal about my birthmark? I have learned through meeting immigrants in the US that in selected cultures touching my face is supposed to bring good luck and/or fertility. I'm not down with random people touching my face, or really even doing the point-and-stare "what's wrong with your FACE?" thing. I'm afraid I'm not up on attitudes towards facial deformities in Spain and am having trouble researching it. I'll pack Dermablend if I have to, but it's a bummer.
- is it inappropriate to ask people questions about Franco/the war/Frank Ryan/etc. while actually in Spain? Are there markers at historical sites? Is this like the US Civil War in Pennsylvania or is it like the Soviet era when wandering around Ukraine?
- are there Spanish Civil War themed tours that I have not been able to find using Google, which cost less than $2000 (after any single supplement, inclusive of air, etc.)?
- do I need to spend the next few months mixing my GMAT studies with work on Spanish/Catalan? I mean intensive work; I'm good at languages and can easily memorize a page or two of "don't be a jerk in Spain" vocabulary.
- I keep reading these questions about Europe and getting all these warnings about pickpockets and women being careful and so forth. Are the precautions I took as, e.g., a member of the Hollywood Star Wars line (slept in tents in the parking lot outside Grauman's Chinese for 6 weeks) probably sufficient?
- do I need to rent a car if I do this alone? If I'm in Spain I will be out in the countryside, so this seems almost certain, but I thought I'd check.
- is this way too ambitious for a fairly sheltered person who has only made her own hotel reservations twice? I can't help but be alarmed; though I do lots of complicated planning and such in my work, I have never planned a trip with this many variables, and have always, always had a backup plan (e.g., when my sleeping arrangements at the 2005 Comic-Con fell through, I slept on the floor in a friend's hotel room.) This has always been a "let your father/stepfather take care of it" thing for me.
Oh, and I need my own locked door to sleep, with no strangers on "my" side of the door, or I won't sleep at all. Is there no hope for keeping that hotel room cost below, say, $60?
I'm willing to do English Speaking Country + Quick Jaunt Into Spain; that was actually my original idea, after I found out how expensive it is to do a vacation in London for six days. But it seems outrageously expensive (to someone who's still getting over the idea she can make more than $10/hour and that she has tenure at work) to get between major cities in Europe, not to mention time consuming, and I really want to do San Pedro right, especially - possibly also find some of the battlegrounds Grandpa fought on, find the spot he was captured by the fascists, etc.
I've thought about ditching the Burgos plan and just sticking with someplace in England/Scotland/Wales/Ireland for this first trip, but gosh darn it, grandpa hiked over the Pyrenees to fight fascism when he was younger than I am now. So I'd really like it to be feasible. But don't like, lie to me if this is as hard as I'm starting to think it is.
I assume that if I ditch Burgos in favor of Galway or London or Sherwood Forest (the fact there's actually a place called that I find infinitely delightful, because I am a nerd and an American who has never been anywhere) for Trip #1 the Lonely Planet guides and earlier AskMe questions will be sufficient for my needs. I would go to Eastern Europe, but I want to do a specific cruise that I can't afford yet.
In our country the United States, and in today's post-millennium culture, age is not appreciated. There is something to be feared, fought and, if possible, eradicated. I suppose that's nothing new. After all, popular legend says that what is now our state of Florida has been discovered since explorer Ponce de Leon was searching for a fountain of youth. Most of us would like our age is the portrait of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde's novel: that is, hidden in a closet somewhere while the self gives us a world more youthful appearance is not aging. Baby Boomers (those born between 1946-1964) led this nation's economy as they received their shares first. Youth culture, stamped on our national identity in the hippie years, is now just who we are. And as baby boomers age, anti-aging products are hawked on late night infomercials, by doctors, stores, and the books can not go a day without seeing more ads for products to reduce wrinkles and restore . a youthful glow. Microdermabrasion, laser peel, even Botox promise a return all the insouciance of youth have taken for granted. Ancient rock stars still tour to convince aging that are still hip and energetic. Viagra and similar drugs are relieved to return to young men and their lust for performance. Sales of DHEA, sold as an amplifier, reached $ 50,000,000 last year. FDA classifies DHEA as a supplement, which means that it undergoes rigorous testing that a drug must undergo. When some doctors have begun touting DHEA and testosterone as a return to performance and youthful appearance, many older people jumped on the bandwagon. Even multivitamins were soon advertising that they contained DHEA. DHEA, a steroid precursor of testosterone is a sex hormone and estrogen, is made naturally by the body, but levels start declining around the age of 25 years. Testosterone is available only by prescription. Because some athletes have used both DHEA and testosterone to boost performance levels and most professional sports have banned both, some scientists wondered whether DHEA and testosterone should be helpful for anti-aging efforts. There was no significant testing done on these products, however, so the results tended to be anecdotal. A new study has been made this year by the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota and the University of Padua, Italy. This study took over two years and followed 57 women and 87 men, all 60 years or more. Women received either DHEA or a placebo actual, real men received either DHEA or a placebo and testosterone skin patch or a placebo skin patch. Blood was tested every three months. Men and women being studied were examined for such things as hormone levels, body fat activity, physical fitness and bone density. Participants in this anti-aging study were given also a questionnaire on their quality of life and their attitude. Which is probably a bit depressing study showed millions of Americans who were spending money on DHEA and testosterone supplements, hoping to prolong their youth or at least their middle age. Researchers found that while levels of DHEA and testosterone levels increased in men and women involved in this test, increases had little to no effect on factors such as lower blood sugar, physical performance, or overall quality life. Increased testosterone levels were correlated with a slight decrease in body fat, but that has not made any improvement in physical strength. Research is not done, of course. Testosterone levels Mayo Clinic used in the study were low Padua. Researchers feared that higher levels would help to develop prostate cancer as testosterone deficiency has been linked to possible protection from this type of cancer. Some also fear that the scientist higher levels of DHEA may contribute to both breast and prostate cancer, and FDA would classify DHEA as a drug instead of a supplement. As long as it remains a DHEA supplement, misuse could result, and of course it can be widely marketed as an anti-aging aid. So no way to turn back the clock yet, at least not with testosterone patches and DHEA supplements.
Nature has given us many healthy foods and if we know their medicinal uses we can get benefit from them .Here is a list of few such foods that if we consume them in an appropriate portion might help us to stay healthy.
10 Foods that are beneficial for health.
1 BARLEY It is good for fevers if given in the soup form.
In Islam, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) prescribed barley for seven diseases. These include grief, high cholesterol levels, heart disease, treatment of cancer, effects of aging, diabetes and hypertension.
2 DATES As an infusion, syrup, or paste, dates may be used for sore throat, colds, and taken to relieve fever. It should be eaten at the time of childbirth.
3 FIGS a cure for piles figs are said to have laxative effect. Figs are high sources of calcium and fiber.
4 GRAPES a common fruit purifies the blood, strengthens the kidneys and clears the bowels.
5 HONEY It is the food of foods, drink of drinks and drug of drugs considered the best remedy for diarrhea when mixed in hot water. It is considered to be extremely beneficial when taken in the morning mixed with water .Honey is also helpful in curing sore throat and acts as a best medicine for cough and cold; in short it can be used without any side effect and has numberless benefits.
6 MELON
Muskmelons are abundant in vitamin C, some studies shows that it may help in reducing kidney stone
It also has good amount of fibre and hence can act as a laxative.
7 MUSHROOMS
Mushroom is a good cure for the eyes; it also may serves as a form of birth control .
8 OLIVE OIL
Excellent treatment for skin and hair, delays old age, and treats inflammation of the stomach; it also has mild laxative properties thus acting as stool softener.
9 POMEGRANATE
Pomegranates have high-fiber, juice of the pomegranate is said to be effective in reducing heart disease risk factors.
10 VINEGAR
Vinegar has been used to fight infections.
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Introduction
After almost two thousand years of independence in the Hawaiian islands, and two centuries after the arrival of Captain James Cook and foreigners, the original pure-blooded native population has gone from about 400,000 (possibly 1,000,000) to about 5,000-7,000 (1-3). This signifies a greater than 98% decrease in the pure blooded Hawaiian population over the last two centuries. The current part-Hawaiian population exceeds 400,000 in the United States (4). Tragically, a 1987 document stated that the pure blooded Native Hawaiians are predicted to become extinct by the year 2044 if current (1980’s) mortality trends persist (5). It is already established that Native Hawaiians or kanaka maoli have remarkable morbidity and mortality (6). However, the relative lack of a current easily accessible comprehensive article on the topic of Hawaiian health and documented authors’ recommendations was noted by the author of this paper. Hence, this paper provides an epidemiological and high-risk health review of Hawaiians until the year 2003. It also addresses the practical question “What can clinicians, patients, and researchers do about it?”
Methodology
A literature review was done in search of information applicable to Hawaiian health published until the year of 2003. Appropriate journals, books, and magazine articles were utilized. Hawaiian words and diacritical marks were checked using a reliable internet Hawaiian dictionary resource (7).
The term “Native Hawaiian” in this article implies that one can link their genealogy or heritage to Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli in the Hawaiian Islands before Western contact.
Results
High morbidity of Hawaiians compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i
In 2000, Native Hawaiians had higher prevalence rates compared to non-Hawaiians for asthma and diabetes (8). The asthma prevalence rate was 139.5/1,000 and state total rate was 86.5 per 1,000 in Hawaii. The diabetes prevalence rate was 49.0 per 1,000 for Hawaiians and 45.9 per 1,000 for the state total (8). The Japanese ethnic group had the highest diabetes prevalence at 67.7 per 1,000. Hawaiian rates for arthritis (38.3 vs. 71.7), high lipids (85.6 vs. 133.1), and hypertension (116.7 vs. 144.2) were lower than some state totals.
High mortality of Hawaiians
Low life expectancy
Since the early 1900’s, Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians have reported the lowest life expectancy at birth for both genders combined, compared to Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. In 1990, the Native Hawaiian life expectancy was 74.27 years old with the Hawai‘i state total at 78.85 years of age (9).
Elevated total and specific causes of death
Native Hawaiians have the highest reported rates of all cause mortality. From 1980 to 1990, the full and part-Native Hawaiian all cause standardized mortality rate increased from 642 to 755 per 100,000 (10). Compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians have greater than twice their total mortality rate. All ages’ standardized mortality in 1990 was highest in Native Hawaiians for heart disease, malignant neoplasms (cancer), stroke, all accidents, diabetes (10) and asthma (11-12). Full-blooded Native Hawaiians’ mortality rates are worse than part-Hawaiians (10).
Cancers
Cancer is another major health problem for Native Hawaiians. From 1995 to 2000, the Native Hawaiian male and female total cancer mortality rates per 100,000 were higher compared to Hawaii’s state total cancer mortality rates (13).
Breast cancer
Over the last few decades, the incidence of Native Hawaiian female breast cancer has increased, while the mortality rate has decreased. Still, breast cancer incidence in Hawai`i was the highest in Native Hawaiian women (162.4/100,000) from 1995 to 2000 compared to the state total which was 128.3/100,000 (13) . Even after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, one cohort of Native Hawaiian women had a relative risk 65% higher than Caucasians (14). Native Hawaiian women also reported the highest breast cancer mortality rate at 31.0/100,000 (58% higher) versus the total state rate of 18.1 per 100,000 (13). Another study suggests that Native Hawaiian females have significantly lower breast cancer survival rates and the worst stage status and metastases status compared to all other groups (15). In the Hawai`i 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Native Hawaiian females were reported to have the same prevalence rates for mammography screening compared to other ethnicities (16).
Cervical cancer
Native Hawaiian female cervical cancer incidence rates have decreased over the last three decades, but from 1995 to 2000 they still reported the highest incidence rates compared to state total, 13.5/100,000 and 10.1/100,000 (13), respectfully. For all ethnic groups in Hawai‘i, cervical cancer mortality rates have declined. However, over the last three decades, Hawaiians, Chinese, and Filipinos appeared more likely to have an invasive cancer stage at time of diagnosis (13). In 2001, the BRFSS showed that Native Hawaiian women had the lowest prevalence rates (based on the previous 3 years) in Hawai`i for having had a Pap smear test (16).
Colorectal cancer
Over the last three decades, the Native Hawaiian female colorectal cancer incidence rates increased,
while there was no significant change for Hawaiian male incidence or mortality rates (13). From 1995 to 2000, colorectal cancer mortality was highest in Native Hawaiians for both males and females (13). Native Hawaiians may have the lowest colorectal cancer survival rates, even though they received more chemotherapy and radiation treatments compared to other ethnic groups (17). In 2001, Native Hawaiians 50 years and older reported the lowest percent of ever having had a fecal occult blood test, ever having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, and having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within 5 years. However, in the previous year (2000) Native Hawaiians reported the highest fecal occult blood testing percentage compared to all other ethnicities in Hawai‘i (16).
Lung cancer
From 1995 to 2000, Native Hawaiian males and females reported the highest lung and bronchus cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to the total state rates. Native Hawaiian females have lung cancer mortality rates about twice the state total, 48.2/100,000 and 24.8/100,000 respectfully. And Hawaiian males have a 50% higher lung cancer mortality rate compared to the total state, 75.9 and 50.6 respectfully (13). In one small study (Hinds et al) of 132 Native Hawaiian female lung cancer patients, smoking by Hawaiian females was significantly more contributory toward getting lung cancer compared to other groups in Hawai`i (18). Another small pilot study of 45 Native Hawaiian cancer survivors showed that improved access to care and utilization of cultural values with education and services may improve quality of life and survival status (19).
High-risk behaviors and cancer
About 68% of all cancers are thought to be due to the maladaptive habits of tobacco use, drinking excessive alcohol, and a poor diet (20). Being overweight or obese are proven to be linked to cancer deaths. A study of over 900,000 adults followed for ten years showed the overweight cohort to have increased risk of death from cancer of the esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The obese cohort had higher mortality from cancer of the stomach, and prostate. The postmenopausal obese group had higher cancer rates of the breast, cervix, ovaries, and uterus (21).
Behavior Risk Factors among Native Hawaiians
A search of the literature reveals a high prevalence of behavioral risk factors among Native Hawaiians. Curb and colleagues found one group of Native Hawaiians on a rural island to have frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease with poor control and awareness about them (22). BRFSS has reported on the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in Hawai`i among the 5 major ethnic groups, including Native Hawaiians. From 1986 to 1993, 56% of Native Hawaiians had a sedentary lifestyle. This was similar to the Hawai‘i state total of 55.5% (23). Out of 576 Hawaiians profiled in 1991, 63.4% had chronic alcohol use and binge drinking that was twice the state total (n=1,984). Hawaiians also had a 10% higher prevalence of marijuana use and smoking tobacco compared to the Hawaii state total in 1991 (24). Native Hawaiian behavioral risk data in 1993 reported 46% to be overweight, 20% had acute and chronic alcohol intake, and 27% were smokers (25). This was from a relatively small sample size of 341 (12%) Hawaiians out of a total of 2,155 (25). In a 1990 publication, Native Hawaiians also reported having the lowest use of seatbelts compared to other ethnicities in Hawai’i. (26).
BRFSS data in Hawai'i reports that these high risk cardiovascular and cancer trends continue in 2002 (n=approximately 750 surveyed for Native Hawaiians). In the 2002 BRFSS report, Native Hawaiians 18 years and older reported higher (compared to Hawai'i state total) percentages for current smoking status, overweight/obese body mass index greater than 25, never to nearly always using seatbelts, not having healthcare coverage, sub optimal physical activity, and heavy drinking (16).
In regard to obesity, genetics possibly play a role for one rural male and female (30 years old and older) Native Hawaiian population (n=567, cross-sectional), as seen in the dependant relationship of increased percentage of body mass index, and increased waist to hip ratio with the increased percentage of Hawaiian blood quantum. This conclusion was made even after adjustment for calorie intake, activity level, and age (27).
Hawaiian youth
In regard to Native Hawaiian adolescents, recent mental heath and high-risk behavior statistics are disturbing. Data from 2000 shows a progressive increase in drug use and the highest rates of substance abuse among Native Hawaiians youth, grades 6 to 12. This includes use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamines (28).
One study found that Native Hawaiian adolescents have a high rate of suicide attempts, which appears dependently related to a higher Hawaiian cultural affiliation (29). Hawaiian adolescents who are more culturally Hawaiian attempt suicide more than those with less cultural affiliation. In 1990, Native Hawaiians aged 15 to 29 years old reported the highest suicide rates (30) In one study, Hawaiian adolescents were found to have significantly elevated psychiatric symptomatology (especially females), family adversity problems, and less family support (31-32). Furthermore, the 2000 Hawai`i Student Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Study reported that Native Hawaiian high school seniors had the highest percentage for suspension from school, being drunk at school, and violence (28).
Crime and violence
Native Hawaiians are over represented in prison. Of the prison inmate population in Hawai‘i in 2000, 39% were Native Hawaiians. This is disturbing as Native Hawaiians make up approximately 20% of the total state population (33). Also in 2000, Native Hawaiians reported higher rates of aggravated assault, burglary, motor theft, arson, property fraud, and forgery, and were over represented as murder victims and known offenders (34).
Remarkable Hawaiian subgroups
Mahus (may mean transgender, a very feminine male, homosexual, and/or bisexual) appear to be a critically high-risk subgroup of Native Hawaiians in regard to drug abuse and violence. One study of over 100 Native Hawaiian mahus reported that 74% were smokers, 31% admitted to illegal drug use (excluding marijuana), and 50% were involved with violence (35).
Availability of health insurance
After identifying high-risk Native Hawaiian behavior and subgroups, access to care also needs to be addressed. Now let us look at availability of healthcare coverage. In Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians (ages 18-65 years) reported the highest percentage of non-health insured status at 10.3 percent, versus Caucasian 8.6%, Filipino 6.4%, Japanese 3.3% in 2001 (36). According to Hawai'i's BRFSS report in 2002, the percentage of non-insured Native Hawaiian adults increased to 15.2% (16).
Summary
It is established that Hawaiians have remarkable morbidity, mortality, and high prevalence of risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease. But what can clinicians and researchers consider or support in order to improve the health status of the Native Hawaiian community?
This next section summarizes many recommendations from various authors, which specifically relate to Native Hawaiian health. Many recommendations are cross-cultural and deal with health disparity issues of Native Hawaiians. However, they may also be applicable to other groups as many are universal. Utilizing these recommendations, clinicians and healthcare providers are encouraged to be aware of cultural influences that are unique to this population or traditionally oriented individuals and groups.
1. Kekuni Blaisdell M.D. suggests revitalizing the culture, language, and spirituality of Hawaiians. He also recommends regaining “inherent sovereignty and self determination,” and arresting factors that exploit and undermine Hawaiians. This recommendation includes denying materialism and returning to more traditional ways (37).
2. Access and kuleana to 'aina and sovereignty are cited by many as essential to wellness of the Hawaiian people (37-42).
3. Healthcare providers need to appreciate that ‘olelo (the word) is very important and influential to Hawaiians (43), and that they need optimism and honesty in their medical discussions. Communicating with proper and familiar layman’s terminology is required. In one study of Native Hawaiian women, only about 50% knew the definition of a “PAP test” (44). The teaching of medical concepts using analogies of things from Hawaiian culture seems to be a practical idea. Taro or kalo was the staple food of Hawaiians of old and symbolically represents the family or relatives. The taro fields need a group effort in order to allow proper nutrients and irrigation (or circulation) for an optimial harvest. Likewise, people and their families need to optimize nutrients and their circulation in order to attain wellness. And like taro cultivation, if a habit of holistic care is initiated and maintained, any hard and tedious productive work can reap great rewards.
4. Hawaiians can enhance their health and mana (divine power) by reinstating the culturally relevant idealistic ways of eating natural foods, maintaining daily physical activity, meditating, and not abusing substances or committing offenses. A program called Uli‘eo Koa is a pilot program that uses culturally appropriate methods to improve diet, as well as physical and spiritual wellness (45-46). Specific culturally appropriate physical activity recommendations for Native Hawaiians might include the hula (traditional and contemporary Hawaiian dancing), lua (Hawaiian martial arts), working in the taro lo‘i (taro or kalo field), surfing, hiking, and swimming in the ocean, among many others.
5. Native Hawaiians need to be recruited into medicine in order to address their under representation in the health care field. There is a discrepancy of the current 5% Native Hawaiian physician population to the 20% Hawaiian state total population (47). Native Hawaiian rural communities are areas in dire need of culturally competent providers.
6. Cultural competence needs to be taught in health professions schools (48-50). Analogous to mnemonics taught to medical students as a memory tool, remembering the Hawaiian na piko ‘ekolu and na'au concepts could ensure a culturally sensitive, thorough, and systematic awareness in clinical interactions with traditional patients.
The na piko ‘ekolu (three navels or centers) and na‘au (”gut emotions,intuition) concepts can be organized by location, symbolism, and it's representation in time (43,45-48).
The head/crown or Manawa/Po‘o PIKO (fontanelle) relates to one’s spirituality or ‘aumakua/ancestors and the past. Our navel or Waena PIKO signifies the family, earth, and current “umbilical ties”. The navel or waena piko involves the present.
The lower abdomen or NA'AU signifies our “Gut emotions”, intellect, and intuition and involves the present time.
Our genital area or Ma‘i PIKO signifies our offspring and the future. A healer would be reminded of holism if they could visualize the location of these cultural concepts when with the patient. Applying these Hawaiian cultural concepts would incorporate the importance of the body, mind (psychology and parapsychology), spirit, nature or environment, , intellect, culture, community, and family relationships.
Also, it may be appropriate to use cultural terms, like mana (divine power) and pono (correct and true nature), etc., when having clinical discussions with Hawaiian patients. It is well known that spirituality is an essential part of Hawaiian culture and daily life (51). The integration of mutually respectful spirituality and religious beliefs can be complimentary. If appropriate to the individual patient and their beliefs and needs, clinicians might even consider saying a prayer with the patient and family, or recommend praying when patient takes their medication. Furthermore, providers and patients might benefit from incorporating dream-work and respecting other spiritual or cultural forms of communication and beliefs (52-53). These alternative resources are not only essential, but also affordable and may be culturally appropriate. Ho‘oponopono (traditional conflict resolution method) is also a resource for the Native Hawaiian community that may even help them with academic difficulties and addictive behaviors. Psychological counseling in a university setting is found to correlate with better academic outcomes (54). Like ho‘oponopono, the alcoholics anonymous twelve step group support program acknowledges a higher power, involves group support, and then emphasizes forgiveness and appropriate behavior (55). Identifying or incorporating this similarity to ho‘oponopono may increase acceptance of this established rehabilitation program by Native Hawaiians. In order to exhibit respect and support for the Native Hawaiian community, clinicians may consider inquiring about and referring patients to traditional Kahuna healer training and practices (53), like la’au lapa’au, lomilomi, and ho‘oponopono, when deemed appropriate.
7. The association with Hawaiian cultural affiliation and adolescent Native Hawaiian suicide attempt rates (29) needs to be intensively studied and addressed.
8. In order to optimize outcomes, the family, community and cultural peers of Hawaiian patients need to be involved with clinical endeavors. The use of lay facilitators may help the Native Hawaiian population, as seen in the breast and cervical cancer program done in Waianae (56). For example, clinicians or researchers may encourage or emphasize family or peer participation with clinic visits, treatment plans, and research activities.
9. A special effort to help and understand special subgroups of Hawaiians, based on gender (57), age (58), sexual orientation (35) and HIV status (59) is indicated. Another special subgroup are the Hawaiians who live outside of Hawaii (60).
10. The participation, research, and behavior of Native Hawaiians in clinical trials for cancer and other disorders could be better understood (61-64). Appropriate outreach, access, and professional support may help Native Hawaiian women with breast cancer health practices, as found in a ten year study (65).
11.Health care providers can spend extra time with Native Hawaiian patients, make house calls if needed, and frequent phone calls to facilitate respect, bonding, rapport, and trust (66).
12. Clinicians and researchers may recognize and address socioeconomic issues, access to care problems (19, 67), and the distrust of Western medicine (68-69).
13. In order to facilitate a connection and communication with native ancestors or ‘Aumakua, themselves (or higher self), others (people and other living creatures) and nature, a meditative state can be of value to both the healer and patient. Hawaiians need to learn how to meditate daily (70). Rest and relaxation were also part of traditional Hawaiian healing instructions (44). Also, in order to be prepared for patient interactions, healers need to be relaxed, free of personal negative or judgmental thinking, and biased expectations (71-73).
14. We need to reinstate the federal census quantification of pure Hawaiians and standardize ethnic definitions for prevalence, mortality, and populational data. It does not make sense that the federal government would stop quantifying how many pure Native Hawaiians currently exist. Furthermore, the recent grouping of “Pacific Islanders” with statistical data is very ambiguous, and will not allow comparison with past data nor allow more specific statistics on Hawaiians or other Polynesians. Any definition of “Native Hawaiian” should allow or imply an objective genealogical connection to Hawaiians living before Western contact in the Hawaiian Islands.
15. And finally, Native Hawaiian healthcare providers can be role models and encourage indigenous youth to pursue medicine and other health related fields.
Limitations
Limitations to this paper includes: limited or minimal data, some studies were with small sample sizes and that may underestimate or exaggerate rates, and lack of consistency and confusion on the definition of a “Hawaiian” over time and with different organizations.
Hawaiian language experts were not consulted for this paper and diacritical marks were not available due to font limitations. Please see section on methodology.
Conclusion
In short, Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians are challenged to have koa (courage) and work together to get the goal of wellness accomplished. For both the patient and healer, understanding and enhancing mana (divine power), pono (true nature), and lokahi (unity) are required to succeed. One traditional Hawaiian healing secret is to have lokahi of the body, mind, nature, and spirit (71). Many Native Hawaiian healing ways are timeless, universal, and relevant in modern times. Following the advice of the Native Hawaiian Biennial Healing Conference in 2002, we need to know that “We are Hawai‘i”, and “We need to perpetuate the breath, the knowledge, and the life”. Furthermore, “We need to stand proper, stand connected, and stand in harmony” (74).
Acknowledgements
The supportive encouragement and advice provided by Kim Ku’ulei Bernie of Papa Ola Lokahi, and Douglas Massey MD on this paper was greatly appreciated.
The anonymous critique by a few Hawaiian health specialists was also extremely helpful and informative.
The authors’ accept full responsibility for any errors.
There was not financial support for this paper.
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By Bradley E. Hope MD (last revised 07/03/2006)
Introduction
After almost two thousand years of independence in the Hawaiian islands, and two centuries after the arrival of Captain James Cook and foreigners, the original pure-blooded native population has gone from about 400,000 (possibly 1,000,000) to about 5,000-7,000 (1-3). This signifies a greater than 98% decrease in the pure blooded Hawaiian population over the last two centuries. The current part-Hawaiian population exceeds 400,000 in the United States (4). Tragically, a 1987 document stated that the pure blooded Native Hawaiians are predicted to become extinct by the year 2044 if current (1980’s) mortality trends persist (5). It is already established that Native Hawaiians or kanaka maoli have remarkable morbidity and mortality (6). However, the relative lack of a current easily accessible comprehensive article on the topic of Hawaiian health and documented authors’ recommendations was noted by the author of this paper. Hence, this paper provides an epidemiological and high-risk health review of Hawaiians until the year 2003. It also addresses the practical question “What can clinicians, patients, and researchers do about it?”
Methodology
A literature review was done in search of information applicable to Hawaiian health published until the year of 2003. Appropriate journals, books, and magazine articles were utilized. Hawaiian words and diacritical marks were checked using a reliable internet Hawaiian dictionary resource (7).
The term “Native Hawaiian” in this article implies that one can link their genealogy or heritage to Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli in the Hawaiian Islands before Western contact.
Results
High morbidity of Hawaiians compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i
In 2000, Native Hawaiians had higher prevalence rates compared to non-Hawaiians for asthma and diabetes (8). The asthma prevalence rate was 139.5/1,000 and state total rate was 86.5 per 1,000 in Hawaii. The diabetes prevalence rate was 49.0 per 1,000 for Hawaiians and 45.9 per 1,000 for the state total (8). The Japanese ethnic group had the highest diabetes prevalence at 67.7 per 1,000. Hawaiian rates for arthritis (38.3 vs. 71.7), high lipids (85.6 vs. 133.1), and hypertension (116.7 vs. 144.2) were lower than some state totals.
High mortality of Hawaiians
Low life expectancy
Since the early 1900’s, Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians have reported the lowest life expectancy at birth for both genders combined, compared to Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. In 1990, the Native Hawaiian life expectancy was 74.27 years old with the Hawai‘i state total at 78.85 years of age (9).
Elevated total and specific causes of death
Native Hawaiians have the highest reported rates of all cause mortality. From 1980 to 1990, the full and part-Native Hawaiian all cause standardized mortality rate increased from 642 to 755 per 100,000 (10). Compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians have greater than twice their total mortality rate. All ages’ standardized mortality in 1990 was highest in Native Hawaiians for heart disease, malignant neoplasms (cancer), stroke, all accidents, diabetes (10) and asthma (11-12). Full-blooded Native Hawaiians’ mortality rates are worse than part-Hawaiians (10).
Cancers
Cancer is another major health problem for Native Hawaiians. From 1995 to 2000, the Native Hawaiian male and female total cancer mortality rates per 100,000 were higher compared to Hawaii’s state total cancer mortality rates (13).
Breast cancer
Over the last few decades, the incidence of Native Hawaiian female breast cancer has increased, while the mortality rate has decreased. Still, breast cancer incidence in Hawai`i was the highest in Native Hawaiian women (162.4/100,000) from 1995 to 2000 compared to the state total which was 128.3/100,000 (13) . Even after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, one cohort of Native Hawaiian women had a relative risk 65% higher than Caucasians (14). Native Hawaiian women also reported the highest breast cancer mortality rate at 31.0/100,000 (58% higher) versus the total state rate of 18.1 per 100,000 (13). Another study suggests that Native Hawaiian females have significantly lower breast cancer survival rates and the worst stage status and metastases status compared to all other groups (15). In the Hawai`i 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Native Hawaiian females were reported to have the same prevalence rates for mammography screening compared to other ethnicities (16).
Cervical cancer
Native Hawaiian female cervical cancer incidence rates have decreased over the last three decades, but from 1995 to 2000 they still reported the highest incidence rates compared to state total, 13.5/100,000 and 10.1/100,000 (13), respectfully. For all ethnic groups in Hawai‘i, cervical cancer mortality rates have declined. However, over the last three decades, Hawaiians, Chinese, and Filipinos appeared more likely to have an invasive cancer stage at time of diagnosis (13). In 2001, the BRFSS showed that Native Hawaiian women had the lowest prevalence rates (based on the previous 3 years) in Hawai`i for having had a Pap smear test (16).
Colorectal cancer
Over the last three decades, the Native Hawaiian female colorectal cancer incidence rates increased,
while there was no significant change for Hawaiian male incidence or mortality rates (13). From 1995 to 2000, colorectal cancer mortality was highest in Native Hawaiians for both males and females (13). Native Hawaiians may have the lowest colorectal cancer survival rates, even though they received more chemotherapy and radiation treatments compared to other ethnic groups (17). In 2001, Native Hawaiians 50 years and older reported the lowest percent of ever having had a fecal occult blood test, ever having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, and having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within 5 years. However, in the previous year (2000) Native Hawaiians reported the highest fecal occult blood testing percentage compared to all other ethnicities in Hawai‘i (16).
Lung cancer
From 1995 to 2000, Native Hawaiian males and females reported the highest lung and bronchus cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to the total state rates. Native Hawaiian females have lung cancer mortality rates about twice the state total, 48.2/100,000 and 24.8/100,000 respectfully. And Hawaiian males have a 50% higher lung cancer mortality rate compared to the total state, 75.9 and 50.6 respectfully (13). In one small study (Hinds et al) of 132 Native Hawaiian female lung cancer patients, smoking by Hawaiian females was significantly more contributory toward getting lung cancer compared to other groups in Hawai`i (18). Another small pilot study of 45 Native Hawaiian cancer survivors showed that improved access to care and utilization of cultural values with education and services may improve quality of life and survival status (19).
High-risk behaviors and cancer
About 68% of all cancers are thought to be due to the maladaptive habits of tobacco use, drinking excessive alcohol, and a poor diet (20). Being overweight or obese are proven to be linked to cancer deaths. A study of over 900,000 adults followed for ten years showed the overweight cohort to have increased risk of death from cancer of the esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The obese cohort had higher mortality from cancer of the stomach, and prostate. The postmenopausal obese group had higher cancer rates of the breast, cervix, ovaries, and uterus (21).
Behavior Risk Factors among Native Hawaiians
A search of the literature reveals a high prevalence of behavioral risk factors among Native Hawaiians. Curb and colleagues found one group of Native Hawaiians on a rural island to have frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease with poor control and awareness about them (22). BRFSS has reported on the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in Hawai`i among the 5 major ethnic groups, including Native Hawaiians. From 1986 to 1993, 56% of Native Hawaiians had a sedentary lifestyle. This was similar to the Hawai‘i state total of 55.5% (23). Out of 576 Hawaiians profiled in 1991, 63.4% had chronic alcohol use and binge drinking that was twice the state total (n=1,984). Hawaiians also had a 10% higher prevalence of marijuana use and smoking tobacco compared to the Hawaii state total in 1991 (24). Native Hawaiian behavioral risk data in 1993 reported 46% to be overweight, 20% had acute and chronic alcohol intake, and 27% were smokers (25). This was from a relatively small sample size of 341 (12%) Hawaiians out of a total of 2,155 (25). In a 1990 publication, Native Hawaiians also reported having the lowest use of seatbelts compared to other ethnicities in Hawai’i. (26).
BRFSS data in Hawai'i reports that these high risk cardiovascular and cancer trends continue in 2002 (n=approximately 750 surveyed for Native Hawaiians). In the 2002 BRFSS report, Native Hawaiians 18 years and older reported higher (compared to Hawai'i state total) percentages for current smoking status, overweight/obese body mass index greater than 25, never to nearly always using seatbelts, not having healthcare coverage, sub optimal physical activity, and heavy drinking (16).
In regard to obesity, genetics possibly play a role for one rural male and female (30 years old and older) Native Hawaiian population (n=567, cross-sectional), as seen in the dependant relationship of increased percentage of body mass index, and increased waist to hip ratio with the increased percentage of Hawaiian blood quantum. This conclusion was made even after adjustment for calorie intake, activity level, and age (27).
Hawaiian youth
In regard to Native Hawaiian adolescents, recent mental heath and high-risk behavior statistics are disturbing. Data from 2000 shows a progressive increase in drug use and the highest rates of substance abuse among Native Hawaiians youth, grades 6 to 12. This includes use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamines (28).
One study found that Native Hawaiian adolescents have a high rate of suicide attempts, which appears dependently related to a higher Hawaiian cultural affiliation (29). Hawaiian adolescents who are more culturally Hawaiian attempt suicide more than those with less cultural affiliation. In 1990, Native Hawaiians aged 15 to 29 years old reported the highest suicide rates (30) In one study, Hawaiian adolescents were found to have significantly elevated psychiatric symptomatology (especially females), family adversity problems, and less family support (31-32). Furthermore, the 2000 Hawai`i Student Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Study reported that Native Hawaiian high school seniors had the highest percentage for suspension from school, being drunk at school, and violence (28).
Crime and violence
Native Hawaiians are over represented in prison. Of the prison inmate population in Hawai‘i in 2000, 39% were Native Hawaiians. This is disturbing as Native Hawaiians make up approximately 20% of the total state population (33). Also in 2000, Native Hawaiians reported higher rates of aggravated assault, burglary, motor theft, arson, property fraud, and forgery, and were over represented as murder victims and known offenders (34).
Remarkable Hawaiian subgroups
Mahus (may mean transgender, a very feminine male, homosexual, and/or bisexual) appear to be a critically high-risk subgroup of Native Hawaiians in regard to drug abuse and violence. One study of over 100 Native Hawaiian mahus reported that 74% were smokers, 31% admitted to illegal drug use (excluding marijuana), and 50% were involved with violence (35).
Availability of health insurance
After identifying high-risk Native Hawaiian behavior and subgroups, access to care also needs to be addressed. Now let us look at availability of healthcare coverage. In Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians (ages 18-65 years) reported the highest percentage of non-health insured status at 10.3 percent, versus Caucasian 8.6%, Filipino 6.4%, Japanese 3.3% in 2001 (36). According to Hawai'i's BRFSS report in 2002, the percentage of non-insured Native Hawaiian adults increased to 15.2% (16).
Summary
It is established that Hawaiians have remarkable morbidity, mortality, and high prevalence of risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease. But what can clinicians and researchers consider or support in order to improve the health status of the Native Hawaiian community?
This next section summarizes many recommendations from various authors, which specifically relate to Native Hawaiian health. Many recommendations are cross-cultural and deal with health disparity issues of Native Hawaiians. However, they may also be applicable to other groups as many are universal. Utilizing these recommendations, clinicians and healthcare providers are encouraged to be aware of cultural influences that are unique to this population or traditionally oriented individuals and groups.
1. Kekuni Blaisdell M.D. suggests revitalizing the culture, language, and spirituality of Hawaiians. He also recommends regaining “inherent sovereignty and self determination,” and arresting factors that exploit and undermine Hawaiians. This recommendation includes denying materialism and returning to more traditional ways (37).
2. Access and kuleana to 'aina and sovereignty are cited by many as essential to wellness of the Hawaiian people (37-42).
3. Healthcare providers need to appreciate that ‘olelo (the word) is very important and influential to Hawaiians (43), and that they need optimism and honesty in their medical discussions. Communicating with proper and familiar layman’s terminology is required. In one study of Native Hawaiian women, only about 50% knew the definition of a “PAP test” (44). The teaching of medical concepts using analogies of things from Hawaiian culture seems to be a practical idea. Taro or kalo was the staple food of Hawaiians of old and symbolically represents the family or relatives. The taro fields need a group effort in order to allow proper nutrients and irrigation (or circulation) for an optimial harvest. Likewise, people and their families need to optimize nutrients and their circulation in order to attain wellness. And like taro cultivation, if a habit of holistic care is initiated and maintained, any hard and tedious productive work can reap great rewards.
4. Hawaiians can enhance their health and mana (divine power) by reinstating the culturally relevant idealistic ways of eating natural foods, maintaining daily physical activity, meditating, and not abusing substances or committing offenses. A program called Uli‘eo Koa is a pilot program that uses culturally appropriate methods to improve diet, as well as physical and spiritual wellness (45-46). Specific culturally appropriate physical activity recommendations for Native Hawaiians might include the hula (traditional and contemporary Hawaiian dancing), lua (Hawaiian martial arts), working in the taro lo‘i (taro or kalo field), surfing, hiking, and swimming in the ocean, among many others.
5. Native Hawaiians need to be recruited into medicine in order to address their under representation in the health care field. There is a discrepancy of the current 5% Native Hawaiian physician population to the 20% Hawaiian state total population (47). Native Hawaiian rural communities are areas in dire need of culturally competent providers.
6. Cultural competence needs to be taught in health professions schools (48-50). Analogous to mnemonics taught to medical students as a memory tool, remembering the Hawaiian na piko ‘ekolu and na'au concepts could ensure a culturally sensitive, thorough, and systematic awareness in clinical interactions with traditional patients.
The na piko ‘ekolu (three navels or centers) and na‘au (”gut emotions,intuition) concepts can be organized by location, symbolism, and it's representation in time (43,45-48).
The head/crown or Manawa/Po‘o PIKO (fontanelle) relates to one’s spirituality or ‘aumakua/ancestors and the past. Our navel or Waena PIKO signifies the family, earth, and current “umbilical ties”. The navel or waena piko involves the present.
The lower abdomen or NA'AU signifies our “Gut emotions”, intellect, and intuition and involves the present time.
Our genital area or Ma‘i PIKO signifies our offspring and the future. A healer would be reminded of holism if they could visualize the location of these cultural concepts when with the patient. Applying these Hawaiian cultural concepts would incorporate the importance of the body, mind (psychology and parapsychology), spirit, nature or environment, , intellect, culture, community, and family relationships.
Also, it may be appropriate to use cultural terms, like mana (divine power) and pono (correct and true nature), etc., when having clinical discussions with Hawaiian patients. It is well known that spirituality is an essential part of Hawaiian culture and daily life (51). The integration of mutually respectful spirituality and religious beliefs can be complimentary. If appropriate to the individual patient and their beliefs and needs, clinicians might even consider saying a prayer with the patient and family, or recommend praying when patient takes their medication. Furthermore, providers and patients might benefit from incorporating dream-work and respecting other spiritual or cultural forms of communication and beliefs (52-53). These alternative resources are not only essential, but also affordable and may be culturally appropriate. Ho‘oponopono (traditional conflict resolution method) is also a resource for the Native Hawaiian community that may even help them with academic difficulties and addictive behaviors. Psychological counseling in a university setting is found to correlate with better academic outcomes (54). Like ho‘oponopono, the alcoholics anonymous twelve step group support program acknowledges a higher power, involves group support, and then emphasizes forgiveness and appropriate behavior (55). Identifying or incorporating this similarity to ho‘oponopono may increase acceptance of this established rehabilitation program by Native Hawaiians. In order to exhibit respect and support for the Native Hawaiian community, clinicians may consider inquiring about and referring patients to traditional Kahuna healer training and practices (53), like la’au lapa’au, lomilomi, and ho‘oponopono, when deemed appropriate.
7. The association with Hawaiian cultural affiliation and adolescent Native Hawaiian suicide attempt rates (29) needs to be intensively studied and addressed.
8. In order to optimize outcomes, the family, community and cultural peers of Hawaiian patients need to be involved with clinical endeavors. The use of lay facilitators may help the Native Hawaiian population, as seen in the breast and cervical cancer program done in Waianae (56). For example, clinicians or researchers may encourage or emphasize family or peer participation with clinic visits, treatment plans, and research activities.
9. A special effort to help and understand special subgroups of Hawaiians, based on gender (57), age (58), sexual orientation (35) and HIV status (59) is indicated. Another special subgroup are the Hawaiians who live outside of Hawaii (60).
10. The participation, research, and behavior of Native Hawaiians in clinical trials for cancer and other disorders could be better understood (61-64). Appropriate outreach, access, and professional support may help Native Hawaiian women with breast cancer health practices, as found in a ten year study (65).
11.Health care providers can spend extra time with Native Hawaiian patients, make house calls if needed, and frequent phone calls to facilitate respect, bonding, rapport, and trust (66).
12. Clinicians and researchers may recognize and address socioeconomic issues, access to care problems (19, 67), and the distrust of Western medicine (68-69).
13. In order to facilitate a connection and communication with native ancestors or ‘Aumakua, themselves (or higher self), others (people and other living creatures) and nature, a meditative state can be of value to both the healer and patient. Hawaiians need to learn how to meditate daily (70). Rest and relaxation were also part of traditional Hawaiian healing instructions (44). Also, in order to be prepared for patient interactions, healers need to be relaxed, free of personal negative or judgmental thinking, and biased expectations (71-73).
14. We need to reinstate the federal census quantification of pure Hawaiians and standardize ethnic definitions for prevalence, mortality, and populational data. It does not make sense that the federal government would stop quantifying how many pure Native Hawaiians currently exist. Furthermore, the recent grouping of “Pacific Islanders” with statistical data is very ambiguous, and will not allow comparison with past data nor allow more specific statistics on Hawaiians or other Polynesians. Any definition of “Native Hawaiian” should allow or imply an objective genealogical connection to Hawaiians living before Western contact in the Hawaiian Islands.
15. And finally, Native Hawaiian healthcare providers can be role models and encourage indigenous youth to pursue medicine and other health related fields.
Limitations
Limitations to this paper includes: limited or minimal data, some studies were with small sample sizes and that may underestimate or exaggerate rates, and lack of consistency and confusion on the definition of a “Hawaiian” over time and with different organizations.
Hawaiian language experts were not consulted for this paper and diacritical marks were not available due to font limitations. Please see section on methodology.
Conclusion
In short, Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians are challenged to have koa (courage) and work together to get the goal of wellness accomplished. For both the patient and healer, understanding and enhancing mana (divine power), pono (true nature), and lokahi (unity) are required to succeed. One traditional Hawaiian healing secret is to have lokahi of the body, mind, nature, and spirit (71). Many Native Hawaiian healing ways are timeless, universal, and relevant in modern times. Following the advice of the Native Hawaiian Biennial Healing Conference in 2002, we need to know that “We are Hawai‘i”, and “We need to perpetuate the breath, the knowledge, and the life”. Furthermore, “We need to stand proper, stand connected, and stand in harmony” (74).
Acknowledgements
The supportive encouragement and advice provided by Kim Ku’ulei Bernie of Papa Ola Lokahi, and Douglas Massey MD on this paper was greatly appreciated.
The anonymous critique by a few Hawaiian health specialists was also extremely helpful and informative.
The authors’ accept full responsibility for any errors.
There was not financial support for this paper.
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By Bradley E. Hope MD (last revised 07/03/2006)
There are many people who do not like the use of drugs to treat their problems. Some of them turn to holistic medicine for panic attacks and anxiety treatment.Using natural ways to panic and anxiety attacks treatment, an increasingly popular way to deal with these issues in coming years. With greater exposure and acceptance, many people will be healthier options for them.What is Holistic Medicine Holistic Medicine? Currently the whole person, not just the part that upset. It uses natural ingredients of a patient treated. Instead of treating only the symptoms, but efforts to the actual health healed cause.Holistic look at every aspect of a person, whether physical, mental or emotional. Thus, it is many forms of therapy can take as diet, herbs, changes in lifestyle and even medication counseling.Holistic understand how amazing the human body, particularly his ability to heal.Thus, holistic medicine facilitates the healing by them help provide the right environment.Holistic Medicine Treats AilmentsNumerous Many conditions can be treated using a holistic approach. These include: - anxiety, depression, menstrual problems, dizziness, panic attacks, excessive stress sweatingAlways consult your physician or health PractitionerIt is never a good idea to have a try on your own, especially if you're already on medication. You should also diagnosed with panic attacks. Do not just assume that this approach has it.Though may take longer to work, in the long run, it's a healthier way to approach panic attacks. It depends on your circumstances and attitude. For some, quick results and quick relief is important. It is completely understandable. When struck with a serious problem, do you feel better as soon as possible.However if you can wait, and are open to this form of treatment, then this form of treatment for you. And since this is the whole being treated, it is better not only for panic, but for your overall long term health.
Introduction
After almost two thousand years of independence in the Hawaiian islands, and two centuries after the arrival of Captain James Cook and foreigners, the original pure-blooded native population has gone from about 400,000 (possibly 1,000,000) to about 5,000-7,000 (1-3). This signifies a greater than 98% decrease in the pure blooded Hawaiian population over the last two centuries. The current part-Hawaiian population exceeds 400,000 in the United States (4). Tragically, a 1987 document stated that the pure blooded Native Hawaiians are predicted to become extinct by the year 2044 if current (1980’s) mortality trends persist (5). It is already established that Native Hawaiians or kanaka maoli have remarkable morbidity and mortality (6). However, the relative lack of a current easily accessible comprehensive article on the topic of Hawaiian health and documented authors’ recommendations was noted by the author of this paper. Hence, this paper provides an epidemiological and high-risk health review of Hawaiians until the year 2003. It also addresses the practical question “What can clinicians, patients, and researchers do about it?”
Methodology
A literature review was done in search of information applicable to Hawaiian health published until the year of 2003. Appropriate journals, books, and magazine articles were utilized. Hawaiian words and diacritical marks were checked using a reliable internet Hawaiian dictionary resource (7).
The term “Native Hawaiian” in this article implies that one can link their genealogy or heritage to Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli in the Hawaiian Islands before Western contact.
Results
High morbidity of Hawaiians compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i
In 2000, Native Hawaiians had higher prevalence rates compared to non-Hawaiians for asthma and diabetes (8). The asthma prevalence rate was 139.5/1,000 and state total rate was 86.5 per 1,000 in Hawaii. The diabetes prevalence rate was 49.0 per 1,000 for Hawaiians and 45.9 per 1,000 for the state total (8). The Japanese ethnic group had the highest diabetes prevalence at 67.7 per 1,000. Hawaiian rates for arthritis (38.3 vs. 71.7), high lipids (85.6 vs. 133.1), and hypertension (116.7 vs. 144.2) were lower than some state totals.
High mortality of Hawaiians
Low life expectancy
Since the early 1900’s, Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians have reported the lowest life expectancy at birth for both genders combined, compared to Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. In 1990, the Native Hawaiian life expectancy was 74.27 years old with the Hawai‘i state total at 78.85 years of age (9).
Elevated total and specific causes of death
Native Hawaiians have the highest reported rates of all cause mortality. From 1980 to 1990, the full and part-Native Hawaiian all cause standardized mortality rate increased from 642 to 755 per 100,000 (10). Compared to non-Hawaiians in Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians have greater than twice their total mortality rate. All ages’ standardized mortality in 1990 was highest in Native Hawaiians for heart disease, malignant neoplasms (cancer), stroke, all accidents, diabetes (10) and asthma (11-12). Full-blooded Native Hawaiians’ mortality rates are worse than part-Hawaiians (10).
Cancers
Cancer is another major health problem for Native Hawaiians. From 1995 to 2000, the Native Hawaiian male and female total cancer mortality rates per 100,000 were higher compared to Hawaii’s state total cancer mortality rates (13).
Breast cancer
Over the last few decades, the incidence of Native Hawaiian female breast cancer has increased, while the mortality rate has decreased. Still, breast cancer incidence in Hawai`i was the highest in Native Hawaiian women (162.4/100,000) from 1995 to 2000 compared to the state total which was 128.3/100,000 (13) . Even after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, one cohort of Native Hawaiian women had a relative risk 65% higher than Caucasians (14). Native Hawaiian women also reported the highest breast cancer mortality rate at 31.0/100,000 (58% higher) versus the total state rate of 18.1 per 100,000 (13). Another study suggests that Native Hawaiian females have significantly lower breast cancer survival rates and the worst stage status and metastases status compared to all other groups (15). In the Hawai`i 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Native Hawaiian females were reported to have the same prevalence rates for mammography screening compared to other ethnicities (16).
Cervical cancer
Native Hawaiian female cervical cancer incidence rates have decreased over the last three decades, but from 1995 to 2000 they still reported the highest incidence rates compared to state total, 13.5/100,000 and 10.1/100,000 (13), respectfully. For all ethnic groups in Hawai‘i, cervical cancer mortality rates have declined. However, over the last three decades, Hawaiians, Chinese, and Filipinos appeared more likely to have an invasive cancer stage at time of diagnosis (13). In 2001, the BRFSS showed that Native Hawaiian women had the lowest prevalence rates (based on the previous 3 years) in Hawai`i for having had a Pap smear test (16).
Colorectal cancer
Over the last three decades, the Native Hawaiian female colorectal cancer incidence rates increased,
while there was no significant change for Hawaiian male incidence or mortality rates (13). From 1995 to 2000, colorectal cancer mortality was highest in Native Hawaiians for both males and females (13). Native Hawaiians may have the lowest colorectal cancer survival rates, even though they received more chemotherapy and radiation treatments compared to other ethnic groups (17). In 2001, Native Hawaiians 50 years and older reported the lowest percent of ever having had a fecal occult blood test, ever having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, and having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within 5 years. However, in the previous year (2000) Native Hawaiians reported the highest fecal occult blood testing percentage compared to all other ethnicities in Hawai‘i (16).
Lung cancer
From 1995 to 2000, Native Hawaiian males and females reported the highest lung and bronchus cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to the total state rates. Native Hawaiian females have lung cancer mortality rates about twice the state total, 48.2/100,000 and 24.8/100,000 respectfully. And Hawaiian males have a 50% higher lung cancer mortality rate compared to the total state, 75.9 and 50.6 respectfully (13). In one small study (Hinds et al) of 132 Native Hawaiian female lung cancer patients, smoking by Hawaiian females was significantly more contributory toward getting lung cancer compared to other groups in Hawai`i (18). Another small pilot study of 45 Native Hawaiian cancer survivors showed that improved access to care and utilization of cultural values with education and services may improve quality of life and survival status (19).
High-risk behaviors and cancer
About 68% of all cancers are thought to be due to the maladaptive habits of tobacco use, drinking excessive alcohol, and a poor diet (20). Being overweight or obese are proven to be linked to cancer deaths. A study of over 900,000 adults followed for ten years showed the overweight cohort to have increased risk of death from cancer of the esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The obese cohort had higher mortality from cancer of the stomach, and prostate. The postmenopausal obese group had higher cancer rates of the breast, cervix, ovaries, and uterus (21).
Behavior Risk Factors among Native Hawaiians
A search of the literature reveals a high prevalence of behavioral risk factors among Native Hawaiians. Curb and colleagues found one group of Native Hawaiians on a rural island to have frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease with poor control and awareness about them (22). BRFSS has reported on the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in Hawai`i among the 5 major ethnic groups, including Native Hawaiians. From 1986 to 1993, 56% of Native Hawaiians had a sedentary lifestyle. This was similar to the Hawai‘i state total of 55.5% (23). Out of 576 Hawaiians profiled in 1991, 63.4% had chronic alcohol use and binge drinking that was twice the state total (n=1,984). Hawaiians also had a 10% higher prevalence of marijuana use and smoking tobacco compared to the Hawaii state total in 1991 (24). Native Hawaiian behavioral risk data in 1993 reported 46% to be overweight, 20% had acute and chronic alcohol intake, and 27% were smokers (25). This was from a relatively small sample size of 341 (12%) Hawaiians out of a total of 2,155 (25). In a 1990 publication, Native Hawaiians also reported having the lowest use of seatbelts compared to other ethnicities in Hawai’i. (26).
BRFSS data in Hawai'i reports that these high risk cardiovascular and cancer trends continue in 2002 (n=approximately 750 surveyed for Native Hawaiians). In the 2002 BRFSS report, Native Hawaiians 18 years and older reported higher (compared to Hawai'i state total) percentages for current smoking status, overweight/obese body mass index greater than 25, never to nearly always using seatbelts, not having healthcare coverage, sub optimal physical activity, and heavy drinking (16).
In regard to obesity, genetics possibly play a role for one rural male and female (30 years old and older) Native Hawaiian population (n=567, cross-sectional), as seen in the dependant relationship of increased percentage of body mass index, and increased waist to hip ratio with the increased percentage of Hawaiian blood quantum. This conclusion was made even after adjustment for calorie intake, activity level, and age (27).
Hawaiian youth
In regard to Native Hawaiian adolescents, recent mental heath and high-risk behavior statistics are disturbing. Data from 2000 shows a progressive increase in drug use and the highest rates of substance abuse among Native Hawaiians youth, grades 6 to 12. This includes use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamines (28).
One study found that Native Hawaiian adolescents have a high rate of suicide attempts, which appears dependently related to a higher Hawaiian cultural affiliation (29). Hawaiian adolescents who are more culturally Hawaiian attempt suicide more than those with less cultural affiliation. In 1990, Native Hawaiians aged 15 to 29 years old reported the highest suicide rates (30) In one study, Hawaiian adolescents were found to have significantly elevated psychiatric symptomatology (especially females), family adversity problems, and less family support (31-32). Furthermore, the 2000 Hawai`i Student Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Study reported that Native Hawaiian high school seniors had the highest percentage for suspension from school, being drunk at school, and violence (28).
Crime and violence
Native Hawaiians are over represented in prison. Of the prison inmate population in Hawai‘i in 2000, 39% were Native Hawaiians. This is disturbing as Native Hawaiians make up approximately 20% of the total state population (33). Also in 2000, Native Hawaiians reported higher rates of aggravated assault, burglary, motor theft, arson, property fraud, and forgery, and were over represented as murder victims and known offenders (34).
Remarkable Hawaiian subgroups
Mahus (may mean transgender, a very feminine male, homosexual, and/or bisexual) appear to be a critically high-risk subgroup of Native Hawaiians in regard to drug abuse and violence. One study of over 100 Native Hawaiian mahus reported that 74% were smokers, 31% admitted to illegal drug use (excluding marijuana), and 50% were involved with violence (35).
Availability of health insurance
After identifying high-risk Native Hawaiian behavior and subgroups, access to care also needs to be addressed. Now let us look at availability of healthcare coverage. In Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiians (ages 18-65 years) reported the highest percentage of non-health insured status at 10.3 percent, versus Caucasian 8.6%, Filipino 6.4%, Japanese 3.3% in 2001 (36). According to Hawai'i's BRFSS report in 2002, the percentage of non-insured Native Hawaiian adults increased to 15.2% (16).
Summary
It is established that Hawaiians have remarkable morbidity, mortality, and high prevalence of risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease. But what can clinicians and researchers consider or support in order to improve the health status of the Native Hawaiian community?
This next section summarizes many recommendations from various authors, which specifically relate to Native Hawaiian health. Many recommendations are cross-cultural and deal with health disparity issues of Native Hawaiians. However, they may also be applicable to other groups as many are universal. Utilizing these recommendations, clinicians and healthcare providers are encouraged to be aware of cultural influences that are unique to this population or traditionally oriented individuals and groups.
1. Kekuni Blaisdell M.D. suggests revitalizing the culture, language, and spirituality of Hawaiians. He also recommends regaining “inherent sovereignty and self determination,” and arresting factors that exploit and undermine Hawaiians. This recommendation includes denying materialism and returning to more traditional ways (37).
2. Access and kuleana to 'aina and sovereignty are cited by many as essential to wellness of the Hawaiian people (37-42).
3. Healthcare providers need to appreciate that ‘olelo (the word) is very important and influential to Hawaiians (43), and that they need optimism and honesty in their medical discussions. Communicating with proper and familiar layman’s terminology is required. In one study of Native Hawaiian women, only about 50% knew the definition of a “PAP test” (44). The teaching of medical concepts using analogies of things from Hawaiian culture seems to be a practical idea. Taro or kalo was the staple food of Hawaiians of old and symbolically represents the family or relatives. The taro fields need a group effort in order to allow proper nutrients and irrigation (or circulation) for an optimial harvest. Likewise, people and their families need to optimize nutrients and their circulation in order to attain wellness. And like taro cultivation, if a habit of holistic care is initiated and maintained, any hard and tedious productive work can reap great rewards.
4. Hawaiians can enhance their health and mana (divine power) by reinstating the culturally relevant idealistic ways of eating natural foods, maintaining daily physical activity, meditating, and not abusing substances or committing offenses. A program called Uli‘eo Koa is a pilot program that uses culturally appropriate methods to improve diet, as well as physical and spiritual wellness (45-46). Specific culturally appropriate physical activity recommendations for Native Hawaiians might include the hula (traditional and contemporary Hawaiian dancing), lua (Hawaiian martial arts), working in the taro lo‘i (taro or kalo field), surfing, hiking, and swimming in the ocean, among many others.
5. Native Hawaiians need to be recruited into medicine in order to address their under representation in the health care field. There is a discrepancy of the current 5% Native Hawaiian physician population to the 20% Hawaiian state total population (47). Native Hawaiian rural communities are areas in dire need of culturally competent providers.
6. Cultural competence needs to be taught in health professions schools (48-50). Analogous to mnemonics taught to medical students as a memory tool, remembering the Hawaiian na piko ‘ekolu and na'au concepts could ensure a culturally sensitive, thorough, and systematic awareness in clinical interactions with traditional patients.
The na piko ‘ekolu (three navels or centers) and na‘au (”gut emotions,intuition) concepts can be organized by location, symbolism, and it's representation in time (43,45-48).
The head/crown or Manawa/Po‘o PIKO (fontanelle) relates to one’s spirituality or ‘aumakua/ancestors and the past. Our navel or Waena PIKO signifies the family, earth, and current “umbilical ties”. The navel or waena piko involves the present.
The lower abdomen or NA'AU signifies our “Gut emotions”, intellect, and intuition and involves the present time.
Our genital area or Ma‘i PIKO signifies our offspring and the future. A healer would be reminded of holism if they could visualize the location of these cultural concepts when with the patient. Applying these Hawaiian cultural concepts would incorporate the importance of the body, mind (psychology and parapsychology), spirit, nature or environment, , intellect, culture, community, and family relationships.
Also, it may be appropriate to use cultural terms, like mana (divine power) and pono (correct and true nature), etc., when having clinical discussions with Hawaiian patients. It is well known that spirituality is an essential part of Hawaiian culture and daily life (51). The integration of mutually respectful spirituality and religious beliefs can be complimentary. If appropriate to the individual patient and their beliefs and needs, clinicians might even consider saying a prayer with the patient and family, or recommend praying when patient takes their medication. Furthermore, providers and patients might benefit from incorporating dream-work and respecting other spiritual or cultural forms of communication and beliefs (52-53). These alternative resources are not only essential, but also affordable and may be culturally appropriate. Ho‘oponopono (traditional conflict resolution method) is also a resource for the Native Hawaiian community that may even help them with academic difficulties and addictive behaviors. Psychological counseling in a university setting is found to correlate with better academic outcomes (54). Like ho‘oponopono, the alcoholics anonymous twelve step group support program acknowledges a higher power, involves group support, and then emphasizes forgiveness and appropriate behavior (55). Identifying or incorporating this similarity to ho‘oponopono may increase acceptance of this established rehabilitation program by Native Hawaiians. In order to exhibit respect and support for the Native Hawaiian community, clinicians may consider inquiring about and referring patients to traditional Kahuna healer training and practices (53), like la’au lapa’au, lomilomi, and ho‘oponopono, when deemed appropriate.
7. The association with Hawaiian cultural affiliation and adolescent Native Hawaiian suicide attempt rates (29) needs to be intensively studied and addressed.
8. In order to optimize outcomes, the family, community and cultural peers of Hawaiian patients need to be involved with clinical endeavors. The use of lay facilitators may help the Native Hawaiian population, as seen in the breast and cervical cancer program done in Waianae (56). For example, clinicians or researchers may encourage or emphasize family or peer participation with clinic visits, treatment plans, and research activities.
9. A special effort to help and understand special subgroups of Hawaiians, based on gender (57), age (58), sexual orientation (35) and HIV status (59) is indicated. Another special subgroup are the Hawaiians who live outside of Hawaii (60).
10. The participation, research, and behavior of Native Hawaiians in clinical trials for cancer and other disorders could be better understood (61-64). Appropriate outreach, access, and professional support may help Native Hawaiian women with breast cancer health practices, as found in a ten year study (65).
11.Health care providers can spend extra time with Native Hawaiian patients, make house calls if needed, and frequent phone calls to facilitate respect, bonding, rapport, and trust (66).
12. Clinicians and researchers may recognize and address socioeconomic issues, access to care problems (19, 67), and the distrust of Western medicine (68-69).
13. In order to facilitate a connection and communication with native ancestors or ‘Aumakua, themselves (or higher self), others (people and other living creatures) and nature, a meditative state can be of value to both the healer and patient. Hawaiians need to learn how to meditate daily (70). Rest and relaxation were also part of traditional Hawaiian healing instructions (44). Also, in order to be prepared for patient interactions, healers need to be relaxed, free of personal negative or judgmental thinking, and biased expectations (71-73).
14. We need to reinstate the federal census quantification of pure Hawaiians and standardize ethnic definitions for prevalence, mortality, and populational data. It does not make sense that the federal government would stop quantifying how many pure Native Hawaiians currently exist. Furthermore, the recent grouping of “Pacific Islanders” with statistical data is very ambiguous, and will not allow comparison with past data nor allow more specific statistics on Hawaiians or other Polynesians. Any definition of “Native Hawaiian” should allow or imply an objective genealogical connection to Hawaiians living before Western contact in the Hawaiian Islands.
15. And finally, Native Hawaiian healthcare providers can be role models and encourage indigenous youth to pursue medicine and other health related fields.
Limitations
Limitations to this paper includes: limited or minimal data, some studies were with small sample sizes and that may underestimate or exaggerate rates, and lack of consistency and confusion on the definition of a “Hawaiian” over time and with different organizations.
Hawaiian language experts were not consulted for this paper and diacritical marks were not available due to font limitations. Please see section on methodology.
Conclusion
In short, Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians are challenged to have koa (courage) and work together to get the goal of wellness accomplished. For both the patient and healer, understanding and enhancing mana (divine power), pono (true nature), and lokahi (unity) are required to succeed. One traditional Hawaiian healing secret is to have lokahi of the body, mind, nature, and spirit (71). Many Native Hawaiian healing ways are timeless, universal, and relevant in modern times. Following the advice of the Native Hawaiian Biennial Healing Conference in 2002, we need to know that “We are Hawai‘i”, and “We need to perpetuate the breath, the knowledge, and the life”. Furthermore, “We need to stand proper, stand connected, and stand in harmony” (74).
Acknowledgements
The supportive encouragement and advice provided by Kim Ku’ulei Bernie of Papa Ola Lokahi, and Douglas Massey MD on this paper was greatly appreciated.
The anonymous critique by a few Hawaiian health specialists was also extremely helpful and informative.
The authors’ accept full responsibility for any errors.
There was not financial support for this paper.
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By Bradley E. Hope MD (last revised 07/03/2006)
Natural Hemorrhoids Treatment
So you're feeling ill and want to feel better. There are hordes of medicines and therapies on the market and we all bring our particular understanding to our acceptance or rejection of any particular treatment. Drug actions should certainly not go unquestioned, especially as even drugs which act effectively against the illness they're prescribed for may have other undesirable effects.
Nothing in homeopathic 'treatments' but water
But there's a big difference between treatments which contain therapeutic agents - causative agents proven to act on inflammation or kill bacteria and other pathogens- and products which don't. “Homeopathic products” are nothing but water and any effect they may have is due to the psychology of 'being cared for' and/or paying for a 'cure.' While people with minor ailments and psychosomatic troubles may feel homeopathy helps them, they are actually paying over the odds for drops of water, and making use of their own beliefs to help them feel better.
The patient, not the product, produces the placebo effect
That classic placebo effect can be beneficial but it's the individual, not the homeopathy, that 'works'.
Here's how one typical homeopathic 'therapist', Jacob Mirman, describes what he calls homeopathic 'preparations':
“The preparation involves serial dilutions and shaking of the product between dilutions. After several dilutions, the initial substance is essentially washed out and cannot be detected chemically in the final product. Confused? That's very reasonable as it makes no sense whatsoever in light of present day science. But regardless of what our sciences tell us is impossible, in practice, the higher the dilution the stronger and longer lasting the effect.”
Homeopathy is dishonest mumbo jumbo - and big business
This is dishonest mumbo jumbo.
According to homeopathic 'theory', if you put a tiny quantity of penicillin in water and kept diluting the water till the penicillin is undetectable, the effect of the penicillin would be stronger and longer-lasting than before the water was diluted. As Mr Mirman says, it makes no sense.
It's unscientific and irrational. And frankly just as silly as saying chilli con carne will be saltier without salt than with.
The proponents of this phoney therapy are either charlatans or plain daft. And dangerous too where people have serious illness and put their faith in this 'strong' water.
But of course homeopathists always clamour to say: 'No, no, we don't advocate homeopathy for serious illness'.
Of course they don't, because it's useless. If it were used for any serious condition, in place of scientifically proven treatments, people would die because of it. And homeopathists, mindful of their incomes or unscientific beliefs, don't wish to discredit their 'treatments'.
The same homeopathist - but it could be any homeopathist - goes on to say that homeopathy can “successfully address”:
“inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, ulcers, headaches, depression, ADD, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, seasonal affective disorder, anxiety, viral syndromes, chronic ear infections, menopausal symptoms, eczema and many more”.
The list is revealing because, without exception, these are conditions that will either resolve spontaneously, fluctuate in severity, or respond to psychological boosts.
There's a pretty good chance that if you're anxious, depressed or prone to headaches there'll come a time, or at least you'll have a day, when you feel better. And then, if you've been drinking homeopathic water, you may think: “Oh, it's the water I bought.” And the homeopathist will claim a 'cure' which was in fact effected by time and your own immune system.
On the other hand, if you feel worse, you're more likely to blame your horrible husband, wife, boss, hormones or the weather.
So a homeopathist's claims are designed to make sure he can't really lose. And this explains why homeopathy doesn't claim to cure anything that can't be affected by psychology or our natural healing powers.
When we break a leg, get meningitis, develop throat cancer, catch Hepatitis C, have leukaemia, suffer a heart attack or form a kidney stone, the homeopathic 'therapist' is forced to admit that we need scientifically-valid, evidence-based medicine. Just as we do for 101 other conditions that require more than time or optimism.
The bottom line is that if you have a serious health problem, you need intervention based on science.
If you have a health problem that doesn't require intervention based on science, there's no point paying for homeopathic water. You'll be better off, financially and healthwise, relaxing, seeing friends, eating well, taking a hot bath with fragrant oils. And maybe taking an aspirin.
But water containing substances not detectable chemically? Pull the other one!
Alternative Medicine Doctors
Jamaica dogwood (Piscidia pispcipula or Piscidia Erythrina) herbal plant native to the Caribbean, Central America and South America and the United States (Texas and Florida 2 8), treatment as a sedative, antispasmodic and analgesic ("The root bark works similarly to aspirin painkillers by blocking an enzyme that produces inflammatory and pain causing chemicals called prostaglandins. 5). 1 During the late 1800s, U.S. doctors frequently administered Jamaica dogwood extract to treat nervous disorders and pain. "Pods feature of the plant bear four projecting wings longitundinal. The bark of the dogwood Jamaica appears yellow or grayish brown on the surface and the inner surface appears paler or white. 2 Flowers of the cluster of dogwood Jamaica, April-May 9 herbal plant requires full sun. Proportion of fertilizer suggested: Three parts of nitrogen (N), three parts potassium (K), and two pieces of phosphorus (P). 10 herbal plants can reach a height of 50 feet high. The bark of the tree is felled for commercial or medicinal properties. Recognize a dogwood Jamaica for its pungent taste, distinctive bitterness and a burning sensation in the mouth. 6Study Jamaica dogwood on animals provide evidence, herbs to relieve pain, promote sleep, reduce fever and inflammation, easing muscle spasms and coughing. Jamaica dogwood by professional herbalists recommend treating health problems, including: neuropathic pain, toothache, insomnia, anxiety and cough. 2 Also, the use of herbs to treat migraines, the pain of the ovary and uterus. 4 Native Americans and Africans in captivity in Virginia reported (1830), the use of dogwood chewing sticks (previously used as a toothpick) for a few minutes, bleached teeth: fiber to the tips of branches divided into a fine soft brush. In addition, the Arikara Indians tribe, bearberry mixed with dried bark of red dogwood to the sacred tobacco they smoked in a pipe regulation Pipestone red. 9West native Indian referred to as Jamaica dogwood "tree of poison fish. When fishing, branches of the plant placed inside an open container, and then thrown into a lagoon. After the container was emursed in water, fish, which came, fell asleep in the box and easy to catch. 4Jamaica grass root dogwood available for purchase on the bark of one to two pieces cm length of an inch 1 / 8 inch thick. Furthermore, with herbs available for purchase liquid and dye. 2 pispcipula Piscida should be discontinued if symptoms: hives, skin rash or itchy skin, swelling, chest pain and breathing problems or tightness in the throat or chest. 7Recommended use of Jamaica Dogwood "Tea (decoction): Boil 1 / 2 to 1 teaspoon of dried bark in water. Strain and drink 3 times daily as needed. Fluid extract (1:1 in 30% alcohol) 1 to 2 ml, 3 times daily or 2-8 ml per day (1:1 in 60% ethonal). Tincture (1:5 in 45% ethanol): 5 to 30 drops (1 - mL), 3 times "per day. Currently, no scientific evidence to prove or disprove the medicinal properties, efficiency and effectiveness of this herb. 2Advisable not combine dogwood Jamaica while taking insomnia or anxiety medicines, can increase the effectiveness of the medication prescribed. Erythrina Piscidia not recommended for children. In addition, the grass is not recommended for the elderly and not recommended for use during pregnancy and breast - feeding. Jamaica dogwood overdose use of toxic and assigned by various symptoms: sweating, tremors, salivation, and numbness. If any of these symptoms occur, consult a doctor. The toxicity of Jamaica dogwood contains rotenone, an insecticide used to kill lice, fleas and larvae 1. However, the human and animal exposure to rotenone considered less harmful (When Jamaica dogwood is used as recommended). 2 References:.) Jamaica dogwood - http://www.herbco.com/bulk_herbs/Jamaica-Dogwood-Root.php2.) Jamaica dogwood - http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/jamaica-dogwood- 000258.htm3.) Effective Natural Remedies for Migraines - http://www.turks.us/article.php?story = piscipula EffectiveHerbalRemediesForMigraines4.) Jamaican Dogwood bark powder and profile - http://www.mountainroseherbs.com / learn/jamaican_dogwood_bark.php5.) Piscidia - http://www.anniesremedy.com/herb_detail306.php6.) Dogwood health and information - http://www.nutrasanus.com/jamaica-dogwood.html7. ) Jamaican Dogwood - Dogwood http://www.pdrhealth.com/drugs/altmed/altmed-mono.aspx?contentFileName=ame0105.xml&contentName=Jamaican + and contentId = 2688.) Jamaican Dogwood Bark - http://www .apolloherbs.com/jamaican.htm9.) Dogwood - http://www.emedicinal.com/herbs/floweringdogwood.php10.) Erythrina Piscida / Jamaica http://www.plant-supplies.com/plants/piscidiaerythrina.htm Dogwood / Miscellaneous -
Treatment for
The thyroid is a major endocrine gland - one of the body's largest. The thyroid gland produces metabolic hormones that are necessary for proper function of the human body. Whereas most endocrine glands produce a hormone that affects only specific cells of the body, the thyroid produces hormones that are needed by all the cells of the body. Thyroid hormone, also known as T3, is a vital hormone for proper metabolism of body's cells. Without the proper production of T3 hormone, the body is left in “low gear.”
One that is deficient in thyroid hormones usually experiences a combination of symptoms: low energy, fatigue, hair that falls out easily, brittle nails, cold hands, cold feet, weight gain, goiters, a “sand dollar” sized pain between the shoulder blades, anxiety, and depression. All of these symptoms, individually or collectively, can make one feel horrible. If a child is deficient in thyroid hormones, growth and brain development can be inhibited.
Thyroid hormone is a combination of a protein, thryoglobulin, and an iodine. This is combined three times to produce a T3 hormone. Thus, T3 hormone is three thyroglobulins and three iodines. The iodines are important as they make the hormone functional; without the iodine, the thyroid hormone is non-functional and useless. Modern blood tests for thyroid hormone only look for the hormone, they do not actually verify the presence of iodine. Many times, people may test at “normal” levels of T3, but they are deficient in iodine. Thus, the T3 hormone looks like T3 hormone, but it does not function as T3 hormone as it is missing the functional iodine. As an example, you may see a new, beautiful, expensive Cadillac vehicle and think, “Wow, that is an amazing Cadillac!” Upon opening up the hood, you see an old, rusty engine from a Yugo. Now, what is your impression of the Cadillac? You see, just because it looks like a Cadillac, does not mean that it runs like a Cadillac. Similarly, just because it looks like T3 hormone, does not mean it functions like T3 hormone! In a patient with thyroid problems, much of the T3 hormone is non-functional as bromine is in place of the iodine. This occurs due to the high use of bromine in the processing of foods.
This brings us to the alternative modes of treatment. Much of modern medicine will prescribe a synthetic drug to treat the thyroid - synthroid or levothyroxine. This synthetic drug is an artificial chemical that mimics the effects of T3 hormone in the body. As such, since the body feels that it is getting its “dose” of T3 hormone, the thyroid determines that it is not needed and begins to produce less and less of the hormone. The end result is that the patient continues to take the synthetic thyroid drugs the remainder of their life at ever increasing dosages! That is great for revenue, but that is not actually treating the patient!
Most thyroid disorders are secondary to an underlying adrenal fatigue. If you have a thyroid disorder, check out the adrenals and treat them before proceeding with any thyroid treatment. The adrenals will rob the body of nutrients, especially the thyroid, and will not allow the thyroid to heal until they are back to regular function. (Please note: most medical practitioners do not recognize the common adrenal fatigue syndrome, only the extremes of adrenal dysfunction - Cushings and Addisons disease. Thus, to properly treat the adrenals, seek out an Applied Kinesiologist or other qualified practitioner that specializes in adrenal treatments - mild, moderate, or severe.)
If the adrenal glands are functioning properly, most thyroid disorders are effectively treated with a high quality iodine supplement such as a potassium iodide. Upon supplementing with the iodine, the thyroid will begin to kick out the dysfunctional units of T3 hormone. The non-functional bromine engine of the “Cadillac” will be replaced with functional iodine engine. When this process begins to occur, the individual may feel a bit sick for a few days as the bromine that is released is toxic. Within days, the individual will notice that their hair comes in stronger, their nails are thicker, their hands and feet are warm, they lose weight, and their energy is up!
The thyroid is a major endocrine gland - one of the body's largest. The thyroid gland produces metabolic hormones that are necessary for proper function of the human body. Whereas most endocrine glands produce a hormone that affects only specific cells of the body, the thyroid produces hormones that are needed by all the cells of the body. Thyroid hormone, also known as T3, is a vital hormone for proper metabolism of body's cells. Without the proper production of T3 hormone, the body is left in “low gear.”
One that is deficient in thyroid hormones usually experiences a combination of symptoms: low energy, fatigue, hair that falls out easily, brittle nails, cold hands, cold feet, weight gain, goiters, a “sand dollar” sized pain between the shoulder blades, anxiety, and depression. All of these symptoms, individually or collectively, can make one feel horrible. If a child is deficient in thyroid hormones, growth and brain development can be inhibited.
Thyroid hormone is a combination of a protein, thryoglobulin, and an iodine. This is combined three times to produce a T3 hormone. Thus, T3 hormone is three thyroglobulins and three iodines. The iodines are important as they make the hormone functional; without the iodine, the thyroid hormone is non-functional and useless. Modern blood tests for thyroid hormone only look for the hormone, they do not actually verify the presence of iodine. Many times, people may test at “normal” levels of T3, but they are deficient in iodine. Thus, the T3 hormone looks like T3 hormone, but it does not function as T3 hormone as it is missing the functional iodine. As an example, you may see a new, beautiful, expensive Cadillac vehicle and think, “Wow, that is an amazing Cadillac!” Upon opening up the hood, you see an old, rusty engine from a Yugo. Now, what is your impression of the Cadillac? You see, just because it looks like a Cadillac, does not mean that it runs like a Cadillac. Similarly, just because it looks like T3 hormone, does not mean it functions like T3 hormone! In a patient with thyroid problems, much of the T3 hormone is non-functional as bromine is in place of the iodine. This occurs due to the high use of bromine in the processing of foods.
This brings us to the alternative modes of treatment. Much of modern medicine will prescribe a synthetic drug to treat the thyroid - synthroid or levothyroxine. This synthetic drug is an artificial chemical that mimics the effects of T3 hormone in the body. As such, since the body feels that it is getting its “dose” of T3 hormone, the thyroid determines that it is not needed and begins to produce less and less of the hormone. The end result is that the patient continues to take the synthetic thyroid drugs the remainder of their life at ever increasing dosages! That is great for revenue, but that is not actually treating the patient!
Most thyroid disorders are secondary to an underlying adrenal fatigue. If you have a thyroid disorder, check out the adrenals and treat them before proceeding with any thyroid treatment. The adrenals will rob the body of nutrients, especially the thyroid, and will not allow the thyroid to heal until they are back to regular function. (Please note: most medical practitioners do not recognize the common adrenal fatigue syndrome, only the extremes of adrenal dysfunction - Cushings and Addisons disease. Thus, to properly treat the adrenals, seek out an Applied Kinesiologist or other qualified practitioner that specializes in adrenal treatments - mild, moderate, or severe.)
If the adrenal glands are functioning properly, most thyroid disorders are effectively treated with a high quality iodine supplement such as a potassium iodide. Upon supplementing with the iodine, the thyroid will begin to kick out the dysfunctional units of T3 hormone. The non-functional bromine engine of the “Cadillac” will be replaced with functional iodine engine. When this process begins to occur, the individual may feel a bit sick for a few days as the bromine that is released is toxic. Within days, the individual will notice that their hair comes in stronger, their nails are thicker, their hands and feet are warm, they lose weight, and their energy is up!
Natural Cure for Hemorrhoids
When symptoms such as pain, rectal area discomfort, burning and itching occur, many sufferers go for home remedies. The more popular remedies are fiber supplements, exercise, sitz bath, compresses and ice packs. We shall look at each of these in turn.
The first pitfall above all is substituting a diagnosis with home remedies. Even though the symptoms of hemorrhoids are often obvious, they do overlap considerably with symptoms of anal fissure, anal fistula, inflammatory bowel diseases and even bowel cancers. If your anal condition has not previously received medial attention, a consultation with a physician is required. Medical review is also essential if your last assessment has been more than a couple of months ago and you are still symptomatic.
Fiber supplements
Fiber high foods help to prevent constipation but can cause problems if you overdo it. The main problems are bloating in the abdomen and excessive flatus. The following foods are usually helpful if taken in moderation:
• Bran and bran cereals - they need to be introduced slowly into the diet because otherwise, they can cause stomach discomfort.
• Dark berry juices - made from cherries, blueberries and blackberries. If taken excessively, the high sugar content can tip overboard some users' blood sugar level .
• Cantaloupe - contains fiber, minerals and vitamins.
• Papaya - it is a rich source of fiber and helps digestion.
• Red and black currants - they also contain rutin which helps to alleviate pain and discomfort in the rectal area.
• Bananas - they are high in fiber and can be eaten steamed. Some advocates suggest that four bananas can be taken daily to help treat hemorrhoids. This is to be discouraged as bananas are high in potassium content. Four bananas a day can cause excessive potassium load in individuals with restricted kidney function reserve. This can cause high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia) which is a very dangerous condition associated with irregular heart rhythm and even collapse.
Exercise
Physical activity is generally advocated for people suffering from hemorrhoids. Where there is no doubt that exercise is helpful for cardiovascular system and irritable bowel syndrome, there is no evidence to support its benefit in hemorrhoid sufferers. Trying to maintain your exercise regime during a flare-up hemorrhoid symptoms is mentioned to be condemned. It just doesn't make sense to give yourself more pain, does it? “No pain, no gain” doesn't apply here.
Sitz baths
Many advocate the use of warm water and soak the rectal area in the tub for no more than 15 minutes two to three times daily for three weeks. A few problems arise here. Firstly, the water should in fact be only luke warm, like the temperature of a heated swimming pool, rather than the temperature of a hot bath or a hot spring. Otherwise, more swelling will result from dilatation of blood vessels. Also, be extremely careful when you dry the affected area afterwards. The condition is often worsened if rough material is used for drying the anus. Use a soft cotton towel to remove wetness from the anus, with utmost gentleness and cause to avoid causing abrasion and bleeding.
Compresses and ice packs
Compresses saturated in pomegranate juice and ice packs to be applied to the anus, are often advocated for symptomatic relief. Even though soothing is achieved at the time, more swelling and delayed resolution of the swelling often follow. Don't do it.
With the recent advances in medications, primary care physicians can achieve speedy symptomatic relief for most hemorrhoid sufferers. They are also able to spot the conditions which require early specialist referrals. Most of the time, there is really no advantage for sufferers to manage their own hemorrhoids with home remedies.
Holistic Alternative
When symptoms such as pain, rectal area discomfort, burning and itching occur, many sufferers go for home remedies. The more popular remedies are fiber supplements, exercise, sitz bath, compresses and ice packs. We shall look at each of these in turn.
The first pitfall above all is substituting a diagnosis with home remedies. Even though the symptoms of hemorrhoids are often obvious, they do overlap considerably with symptoms of anal fissure, anal fistula, inflammatory bowel diseases and even bowel cancers. If your anal condition has not previously received medial attention, a consultation with a physician is required. Medical review is also essential if your last assessment has been more than a couple of months ago and you are still symptomatic.
Fiber supplements
Fiber high foods help to prevent constipation but can cause problems if you overdo it. The main problems are bloating in the abdomen and excessive flatus. The following foods are usually helpful if taken in moderation:
• Bran and bran cereals - they need to be introduced slowly into the diet because otherwise, they can cause stomach discomfort.
• Dark berry juices - made from cherries, blueberries and blackberries. If taken excessively, the high sugar content can tip overboard some users' blood sugar level .
• Cantaloupe - contains fiber, minerals and vitamins.
• Papaya - it is a rich source of fiber and helps digestion.
• Red and black currants - they also contain rutin which helps to alleviate pain and discomfort in the rectal area.
• Bananas - they are high in fiber and can be eaten steamed. Some advocates suggest that four bananas can be taken daily to help treat hemorrhoids. This is to be discouraged as bananas are high in potassium content. Four bananas a day can cause excessive potassium load in individuals with restricted kidney function reserve. This can cause high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia) which is a very dangerous condition associated with irregular heart rhythm and even collapse.
Exercise
Physical activity is generally advocated for people suffering from hemorrhoids. Where there is no doubt that exercise is helpful for cardiovascular system and irritable bowel syndrome, there is no evidence to support its benefit in hemorrhoid sufferers. Trying to maintain your exercise regime during a flare-up hemorrhoid symptoms is mentioned to be condemned. It just doesn't make sense to give yourself more pain, does it? “No pain, no gain” doesn't apply here.
Sitz baths
Many advocate the use of warm water and soak the rectal area in the tub for no more than 15 minutes two to three times daily for three weeks. A few problems arise here. Firstly, the water should in fact be only luke warm, like the temperature of a heated swimming pool, rather than the temperature of a hot bath or a hot spring. Otherwise, more swelling will result from dilatation of blood vessels. Also, be extremely careful when you dry the affected area afterwards. The condition is often worsened if rough material is used for drying the anus. Use a soft cotton towel to remove wetness from the anus, with utmost gentleness and cause to avoid causing abrasion and bleeding.
Compresses and ice packs
Compresses saturated in pomegranate juice and ice packs to be applied to the anus, are often advocated for symptomatic relief. Even though soothing is achieved at the time, more swelling and delayed resolution of the swelling often follow. Don't do it.
With the recent advances in medications, primary care physicians can achieve speedy symptomatic relief for most hemorrhoid sufferers. They are also able to spot the conditions which require early specialist referrals. Most of the time, there is really no advantage for sufferers to manage their own hemorrhoids with home remedies.
When symptoms such as pain, rectal area discomfort, burning and itching occur, many sufferers go for home remedies. The more popular remedies are fiber supplements, exercise, sitz bath, compresses and ice packs. We shall look at each of these in turn.
The first pitfall above all is substituting a diagnosis with home remedies. Even though the symptoms of hemorrhoids are often obvious, they do overlap considerably with symptoms of anal fissure, anal fistula, inflammatory bowel diseases and even bowel cancers. If your anal condition has not previously received medial attention, a consultation with a physician is required. Medical review is also essential if your last assessment has been more than a couple of months ago and you are still symptomatic.
Fiber supplements
Fiber high foods help to prevent constipation but can cause problems if you overdo it. The main problems are bloating in the abdomen and excessive flatus. The following foods are usually helpful if taken in moderation:
• Bran and bran cereals - they need to be introduced slowly into the diet because otherwise, they can cause stomach discomfort.
• Dark berry juices - made from cherries, blueberries and blackberries. If taken excessively, the high sugar content can tip overboard some users' blood sugar level .
• Cantaloupe - contains fiber, minerals and vitamins.
• Papaya - it is a rich source of fiber and helps digestion.
• Red and black currants - they also contain rutin which helps to alleviate pain and discomfort in the rectal area.
• Bananas - they are high in fiber and can be eaten steamed. Some advocates suggest that four bananas can be taken daily to help treat hemorrhoids. This is to be discouraged as bananas are high in potassium content. Four bananas a day can cause excessive potassium load in individuals with restricted kidney function reserve. This can cause high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia) which is a very dangerous condition associated with irregular heart rhythm and even collapse.
Exercise
Physical activity is generally advocated for people suffering from hemorrhoids. Where there is no doubt that exercise is helpful for cardiovascular system and irritable bowel syndrome, there is no evidence to support its benefit in hemorrhoid sufferers. Trying to maintain your exercise regime during a flare-up hemorrhoid symptoms is mentioned to be condemned. It just doesn't make sense to give yourself more pain, does it? “No pain, no gain” doesn't apply here.
Sitz baths
Many advocate the use of warm water and soak the rectal area in the tub for no more than 15 minutes two to three times daily for three weeks. A few problems arise here. Firstly, the water should in fact be only luke warm, like the temperature of a heated swimming pool, rather than the temperature of a hot bath or a hot spring. Otherwise, more swelling will result from dilatation of blood vessels. Also, be extremely careful when you dry the affected area afterwards. The condition is often worsened if rough material is used for drying the anus. Use a soft cotton towel to remove wetness from the anus, with utmost gentleness and cause to avoid causing abrasion and bleeding.
Compresses and ice packs
Compresses saturated in pomegranate juice and ice packs to be applied to the anus, are often advocated for symptomatic relief. Even though soothing is achieved at the time, more swelling and delayed resolution of the swelling often follow. Don't do it.
With the recent advances in medications, primary care physicians can achieve speedy symptomatic relief for most hemorrhoid sufferers. They are also able to spot the conditions which require early specialist referrals. Most of the time, there is really no advantage for sufferers to manage their own hemorrhoids with home remedies.
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Interés en Salud Holística está creciendo a pasos agigantados. Muchas personas buscan Holística Profesionales de la Salud como una alternativa a la medicina tradicional. Véase más abajo para los Centros de Salud Holística en el Centro de Artes de Chicago area.Healing & Spa, Soderworld Holística Center16 W 501 Nielson Lane, Hinsdale, Illinois objetivo 60537630.455.5885SoderWorld 's es facultar a las personas "a través de principios pedagógicos y habilidades que les permitan asumir una mayor responsabilidad para su desarrollo personal y el mantenimiento de la salud ". servicio al cliente fuerte, y equipos de alta tecnología garantiza un ambiente cómodo y seguro para la curación. Las especialidades incluyen tratamientos Ayurveda, Carrocería de Asia, Energía Tratamientos, Inspección al trasluz del oído, dolor de cabeza y Socorro de tratamiento. Soderworld también ofrece clases y certificaciones para aquellos interesados en convertirse en Salud Holística Practitioner.Thai Bodywork537 Custer Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60202847.440.7525Thai carrocería ofrece la medicina tradicional tailandesa, que es natural, el enfoque holístico de la salud y el bienestar. Este método incluye una nutrición adecuada, ejercicio físico, el uso de hierbas medicinales y masajes terapéuticos. En la antigua Tailandia, estas prácticas se han vinculado a curar enfermedades y dolencias. "El Masaje Tradicional Tailandés es un tratamiento profundo, de cuerpo completo, que incluye tanto el estiramiento de las articulaciones y músculos, y la presión aplicada a las líneas sen. Masajes tailandeses utilizan no sólo para tratar enfermedades, sino también para mantener la salud y el bienestar . "Centro de Atención Integral, el Abogado del Norte de Illinois Masonic Hospital3000 Halsted, Chicago, Illinois 60657773.935.1600Practitioners en el Centro Integral de Atención en Chicago creen yoga trae un sentido más profundo de bienestar, y elimina (así como previene) problemas médicos que van desde la articulación dolor a la presión arterial alta. En este centro, el yoga se utiliza como una medida preventiva y un tratamiento para la osteoporosis, la disminución de los niveles hormonales, lesiones deportivas, dolor de espalda, hipertensión y depresión leve / anxiety.Equilibrium: Energía + Education47 Occidental Polk, Suite M-5, Chicago, Illinois 60616312.786.1882Located en el sur de Loop de Chicago, el equilibrio de la Energía + La educación es un "un centro de bienestar de su tipo dedicado a el estado de las terapias de última generación basadas en la energía, las clases y talleres". servicios de la firma incluyen Colorpuncture, Masaje y Terapia Craneosacral, Reiki, y Aura, Sanación Soma.Enlightened Center8600 W. 159o St., Suite 15, Orland Park, Illinois 60462708.364.8887 Iluminado Healing Center le ayuda a sanar su mente, cuerpo y espíritu. Mediante la combinación de la medicina energética con el pelo y las pruebas hormonales, nutricionales y pruebas de campo de la energía, a través de suplementos, hemopatías, hierbas y masajes, el cuerpo y el trabajo de energía, Luz del Centro de Salud le ayuda a llegar a la esencia de su salud issues.PureBalance Salud Natural Center1332 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025224.521.1212 "diagnósticos de vanguardia combinada con el paciente las terapias centradas en un entorno que sirve para educar a la comunidad y ofrecer productos de alta calidad de salud". Puro equilibrio es marcar la tendencia en los esfuerzos para redefinir la manera en la asistencia sanitaria opinión de la gente. Las especialidades incluyen la terapia de desintoxicación, termografía, y el estrés del meridiano de Assessment.For más información sobre los Centros de Salud Holística y profesionales, por favor visite: Consciente MetropolisChicago curanderos
Natural Arthritis Treatment
Holistic Health Centers
Endometriosis Alternative Treatment
Interest in Holistic Health is growing by leaps and bounds. Many people seek out Holistic Health Practitioners as an alternative to traditional medicine. See below for Holistic Health Centers in the Chicagoland area.
Healing Arts Center & Spa, Soderworld Holistic Center
16 W 501 Nielson Lane, Hinsdale, Illinois 60537
630.455.5885
SoderWorld's goal is to empower individuals “through teaching principles and skills that enable them to take greater responsibility for their personal development and health maintenance”. Strong customer service, and high-tech equipment ensures a comfortable and secure ambiance for healing. Specialties include Ayurveda Treatments, Asian Bodywork, Energy Treatments, Ear Candling, and Headache Relief Treatment. Soderworld also offers classes and certifications for those interested in becoming a Holistic Health Practitioner.
Thai Bodywork
537 Custer Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60202
847.440.7525
Thai Bodywork offers traditional Thai medicine, which is a natural, holistic approach to health and well-being. This method includes proper nutrition, physical exercise, the use of medicinal herbs and therapeutic massage. In ancient Thailand, these practices have been linked to curing diseases and ailments. “Traditional Thai massage is a deep, full-body treatment, which includes both stretching of the joints and muscles, and applied pressure to the sen lines. Thai people used massage not only to treat illnesses, but also to maintain health and well-being.”
Integrative Care Center, Advocate Illinois Masonic Hospital
3000 North Halsted, Chicago, Illinois 60657
773.935.1600
Practitioners at the Integrative Care Center in Chicago believe yoga brings a deeper sense of well-being, and eliminates (as well as prevents) medical problems ranging from joint pain to high blood pressure. At this Center, yoga is utilized as a preventative measure and a treatment for osteoporosis, declining hormone levels, athletic injuries, back pain, hypertension, and mild depression/anxiety.
Equilibrium: Energy + Education
47 West Polk, Suite M-5, Chicago, Illinois 60616
312.786.1882
Located in Chicago's South Loop, EQUILIBRIUM Energy + Education is a “one-of-a-kind wellness center dedicated to state-of-the-art energy-based therapies, classes and workshops”. Signature services include Colorpuncture, Massage and Craniosacral Therapy, Reiki, and Aura-Soma.
Enlightened Healing Center
8600 W. 159th St., Suite 15, Orland Park, Illinois 60462
708.364.8887
Enlightened Healing Center helps you heal your mind, body and spirit. By combining energy medicine with hair and hormonal testing, nutritional and energy field testing, through supplements, homeopathies, herbs and massage, body, and energy work, Enlightened Health Center helps you get to the core of your health issues.
PureBalance Natural Health Center
1332 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025
224.521.1212
“Cutting-edge diagnostics combined with patient centered therapies in a setting that serves to educate the community and provide the highest quality health products”. Pure Balance is setting the trend in efforts to redefine the way people view healthcare. Specialties include Detoxification Therapy, Thermography, and the Meridian Stress Assessment.
For more information on Holistic Health Centers and Practitioners, please visit:
Mindful Metropolis
Chicago Healers
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Las hemorroides, también conocidas como pilas, no son peligrosos, pero puede ser muy incómodo. Las hemorroides afectan tanto como el 75% de los estadounidenses, especialmente los más viejos americanos. En pocas palabras, son las venas varicosas inflamadas encuentra en el revestimiento del ano que pueden sangrar después de defecar. Los síntomas incluyen dolor y sangrado durante las evacuaciones intestinales, picor y dolor y secreción mucosa del prolapso (saliente) hemorroides. Las hemorroides internas se encuentran por encima del canal anal y las hemorroides externas en el extremo inferior. Puede haber un aspecto congénita a las hemorroides, pero el estreñimiento crónico, el embarazo y el parto, la falta de ejercicio y malas decisiones comiendo todo puede poner presión extra en las venas del ano. Hay muchos remedios naturales para las hemorroides. Dos tratamientos disponibles fácilmente alivio de los síntomas son un supositorio de patata roja con forma de cigarro insertado en el ano, o un trozo de cebolla cruda golpeado adjunta a las hemorroides inflamadas o saliente. Remojar las hemorroides en un tazón de agua fría o un bidet lleno de agua un par de veces al día se reducen la inflamación. Un hamamelis comprimir aplica a la zona durante todo el tiempo como sea posible hacer lo mismo. Un supositorio hemorroidal recomendado por herbolarios Dincin Dian Buchman se puede hacer de dos onzas de manteca de cacao derretida mezclada con dos cucharadas. hamamelis en polvo, de vaca o de arrayán. Hacer la mezcla en un puro-forma, que se endurezca en la nevera, y se insertan en el ano. Esta receta se aprovecha del hecho de que la manteca de cacao se derrite a temperatura corporal. Otros tratamientos externos pomada celidonia menor aplican de dos a tres veces al día, la milenrama, y el castaño de indias. Elder y la madreselva flores mezclado con agua hirviendo o leche caliente también puede aliviar síntomas de las hemorroides. Empinado la mezcla durante quince minutos, colarlo y, a continuación añadir más leche o agua hirviendo. Humedezca un paño limpio en el líquido y aplicar caliente a la zona dolorida. O bien, utilizar las bayas verdes u hojas de estas flores como una pomada caliente. Beber una taza de té de hierbas amargas, por ejemplo, la raíz de diente de león, castaña de caballo, raíz de la piedra y el alcanfor-es una excelente manera para tratar el estreñimiento que puede dar lugar a las hemorroides. Otro remedio Buchman hemorroides es mayor y la madreselva flores mezclado con agua hirviendo o leche caliente. Empinado la mezcla durante quince minutos, colarlo y, a continuación añadir más leche o agua hirviendo. Humedezca un paño limpio en el líquido y aplicar caliente a la zona dolorida. O bien, utilizar las bayas verdes u hojas de estas flores como una pomada caliente. Aromaterapeutas sugieren compresas de ciprés, lavanda, incienso o mirra para disminuir la inflamación de hemorroides. Además, el aceite de romero en un baño caliente puede mejorar los tratamientos para las hemorroides incluyen circulation.Homeopathic Ratanhia, Hamamelis, Azufre y masaje Sepia.Foot con especial atención a los puntos de acupresión específicos pueden aliviar las hemorroides symptoms.And por último, pero ciertamente no menos importante, el ejercicio regular para estimular la la digestión y una buena dieta con abundantes líquidos y fibra natural suficiente de alimentos de origen vegetal como los cereales integrales, legumbres, nueces, semillas, frutas y verduras a reducir sus probabilidades de convertirse en las hemorroides y estreñimiento en desarrollo en el primer lugar. Recuerde que la prevención de las hemorroides es más fácil que tener que tratar.
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are not dangerous but can be very uncomfortable. Hemorrhoids affect as many as 75% of Americans, especially older Americans. Simply stated, they are swollen varicose veins found in the anus lining that can bleed after bowel movements. Symptoms include pain and bleeding during bowel movements, itching and soreness, and mucus discharge from prolapsed (protruding) hemorrhoids. Internal hemorrhoids are found above the anal canal and external hemorrhoids at the lower end. There may be a congenital aspect to hemorrhoids, but chronic constipation, pregnancy and childbirth, lack of exercise and bad eating choices can all put extra pressure on the anal veins.
There are many natural remedies for hemorrhoids. Two readily available symptom relief treatments are a red potato cigar-shaped suppository inserted into the anus, or a piece of raw bruised onion attached to inflamed or protruding hemorrhoids.
Soaking hemorrhoids in a cold bowl of water or a bidet filled with water a few times a day will reduce inflammation. A witch hazel compress applied to the area for as long as possible will do the same.
A hemorrhoid suppository recommended by herbalist Dian Dincin Buchman can be made from two ounces of melted cocoa butter mixed with two tbsp. powdered witch hazel, yellow dock or bayberry. Roll the mixture into a cigar-shape, harden it in the fridge, and insert into the anus. This recipe takes advantage of the fact that cocoa butter will melt at body temperature.
Other external treatments are pilewort ointment applied two to three times daily, yarrow, and horse chestnut. Elder and honeysuckle flowers mixed with boiling water or hot milk can relieve also hemorrhoid symptoms. Steep the mixture for fifteen minutes, strain it, and then add more milk or boiling water. Dip a clean cloth into the liquid and apply hot to the painful area. Or, use the green berries or leaves of these flowers as a hot ointment.
Drinking any bitter herb tea—e.g., dandelion root, horse chestnut, stone root and yarrow—is an excellent way to treat the constipation that can lead to hemorrhoids.
Another Buchman hemorrhoid remedy is elder and honeysuckle flowers mixed with boiling water or hot milk. Steep the mixture for fifteen minutes, strain it, and then add more milk or boiling water. Dip a clean cloth into the liquid and apply hot to the painful area. Or, use the green berries or leaves of these flowers as a hot ointment.
Aromatherapists suggest compresses of cypress, lavender, frankincense or myrrh to lessen hemorrhoid inflammation. Also, rosemary oil in a warm bath can improve circulation.
Homeopathic treatments for hemorrhoids include Ratanhia, Hamamelis, Sulfur and Sepia.
Foot massage with special attention to specific acupressure points can relieve hemorrhoidal symptoms.
And last but certainly not least, regular exercise to stimulate digestion and a good diet with plenty of liquids and sufficient fiber from natural plant-based foods like whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables will reduce your chances of becoming constipated and developing hemorrhoids in the first place. Remember that preventing hemorrhoids is easier than having to treat them.
Natural Health Centers
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prurito anal es un problema que nadie le gusta hablar, ni siquiera en Tyra Banks o durante los comerciales, pero todos tienen en algún momento de su vida tuvo que lidiar con él. La comezón anal en realidad tiene un nombre médico: prurito anal. En la abrumadora cantidad de casos no es un signo de algo grave y puede ser abordada utilizando los recursos familiares en casa. Si, por otra parte, su picazón anal no se alivia con estos remedios es el momento de buscar ayuda profesional. En su mayor parte, sin embargo, picazón anal es generalmente el resultado de irritación de la piel que ha sido causado por la acumulación de materia fecal alrededor del ano. Esto puede, a su vez, ser causada por la diarrea o simplemente no darse limpiando así, o suciedad en general. Como puede suponerse, los afectados por el desagradable adicionales de las hemorroides son más propensas a desarrollar casos de prurito anal. Los ancianos y los niños también son muy susceptibles, ya sea porque no han aprendido o no puedan limpiarse a fondo. Por supuesto, en un gran número de casos de picazón del ano, lo contrario también resulta cierto. Rewiping a sí mismo con un pañuelo de papel higiénico usado puede presentar la materia fecal en vez de desalojar a ella. Cuando picazón anal se hace presente que hay varias actividades que pueden empeorar la condición. Montar en bicicleta, caminar, e incluso a punto de sentarse puede convertir el problema en un ataque terrorista contra su propio cuerpo. pantalones ajustados, ropa interior que no respira, la acumulación de sudor abajo de su crack también puede hacer peor picazón anal. Aún caliente, húmedo el clima y el estrés se cree que agravar el problema. ¿Qué se puede hacer en casa para hacer que el problema de la picazón anal algo menos agravantes? Lo primero, no te rasques el trasero. Rascarse sólo va a tener éxito en laceraciones minutos en el tejido blando alrededor de la zona afectada y probablemente se propagará la infección, así como multiplicarlo. El mejor enfoque único que puede tomar para aliviar el problema de una maldita picazón en el ano es limpiarlo con agua y jabón. Así, por todos los medios, asegúrese de hacerlo de forma muy suave y completamente. No limpie después con un trapo seco, sino que lo seque con una toalla de algodón. Cuando picazón anal está afectando lejos del hogar, como en el trabajo o la escuela o jugar, el mejor remedio es utilizar toallitas humedecidas. En algunos casos la causa del prurito anal es debido a la filtración fecal y, en estos casos se recomienda colocar una pequeña de algodón entre el ano y tu ropa interior, tomando la precaución de cambiar varias veces durante el día. Como cuestión de regla que debe usar ropa interior de algodón y dejar de lado los pantalones ajustados hasta la cede picazón. Hay ciertas cremas sobre el contador que también puede tomar para aliviar el dolor, pero si el problema persiste no ceder a la tentación de seguir utilizando estas cremas durante un período prolongado.
Alternative Therapies
Anal itching is a problem nobody likes to talk about, not even on Tyra Banks or during commercials, but everybody has at some point in their lives had to deal with it. Anal itching actually has a medical name: pruritus ani. In the overwhelming amount of cases it is not a sign of anything serious and can be addressed using familiar home remedies. If, on the other hand, your anal itching is not relieved by these remedies it is time to seek out professional advice.
For the most part, however, anal itching is usually the result of skin irritation that has been caused by accumulation of fecal matter around the anus. This can, in turn, be caused by diarrhea or simply not wiping oneself well, or general uncleanliness. As you might suspect, those suffering from the additional unpleasantness of hemorrhoids are more likely to develop cases of anal itching. Elderly people and children are also quite susceptible because they either haven't learned or unable to wipe themselves thoroughly. Of course, in a great many cases of itchy anus, the reverse also proves true. Rewiping oneself with a used toilet paper tissue can lodge fecal matter rather than dislodge it.
When anal itching makes its presence known there are several activities that can worsen the condition. Riding a bike, walking, and even just sitting down can turn the problem into a terrorist attack against your own body. Tight pants, underwear that doesn't breathe, the accumulation of sweat down your crack can also make anal itching worse. Even hot, muggy weather and stress are thought to exacerbate the problem.
What can you do at home to make the problem of anal itching somewhat less aggravating? First thing, don't scratch your butt. Scratching is only going to succeed in minute lacerations in the soft tissue surround the affected area and will likely spread the infection, as well as worsen it. The single best approach you can take to relieving the damnable problem of an itchy anus is to clean it with soap and water. Just, by all means, make sure you do this very gently and thoroughly. Do not wipe it afterward with a dry tissue, but instead pat it dry with a cotton towel. When anal itching is affecting you away from home, like at work or school or play, the best remedy is to use moistened wipes. In some cases the cause of anal itching is due to fecal leakage; in these cases it recommended to place a small cotton between your anus and your underwear, making sure to change it several times throughout the day. As a matter of rule you should wear cotton underwear and toss aside those tight pants until the itching subsides. There are certain over the counter creams you can also take to relieve the pain, but if the problem persists don't give in to the temptation to continue using these creams for a prolonged period.
Holistic Healing
Anal itching is a problem nobody likes to talk about, not even on Tyra Banks or during commercials, but everybody has at some point in their lives had to deal with it. Anal itching actually has a medical name: pruritus ani. In the overwhelming amount of cases it is not a sign of anything serious and can be addressed using familiar home remedies. If, on the other hand, your anal itching is not relieved by these remedies it is time to seek out professional advice.
For the most part, however, anal itching is usually the result of skin irritation that has been caused by accumulation of fecal matter around the anus. This can, in turn, be caused by diarrhea or simply not wiping oneself well, or general uncleanliness. As you might suspect, those suffering from the additional unpleasantness of hemorrhoids are more likely to develop cases of anal itching. Elderly people and children are also quite susceptible because they either haven't learned or unable to wipe themselves thoroughly. Of course, in a great many cases of itchy anus, the reverse also proves true. Rewiping oneself with a used toilet paper tissue can lodge fecal matter rather than dislodge it.
When anal itching makes its presence known there are several activities that can worsen the condition. Riding a bike, walking, and even just sitting down can turn the problem into a terrorist attack against your own body. Tight pants, underwear that doesn't breathe, the accumulation of sweat down your crack can also make anal itching worse. Even hot, muggy weather and stress are thought to exacerbate the problem.
What can you do at home to make the problem of anal itching somewhat less aggravating? First thing, don't scratch your butt. Scratching is only going to succeed in minute lacerations in the soft tissue surround the affected area and will likely spread the infection, as well as worsen it. The single best approach you can take to relieving the damnable problem of an itchy anus is to clean it with soap and water. Just, by all means, make sure you do this very gently and thoroughly. Do not wipe it afterward with a dry tissue, but instead pat it dry with a cotton towel. When anal itching is affecting you away from home, like at work or school or play, the best remedy is to use moistened wipes. In some cases the cause of anal itching is due to fecal leakage; in these cases it recommended to place a small cotton between your anus and your underwear, making sure to change it several times throughout the day. As a matter of rule you should wear cotton underwear and toss aside those tight pants until the itching subsides. There are certain over the counter creams you can also take to relieve the pain, but if the problem persists don't give in to the temptation to continue using these creams for a prolonged period.
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Milton Contreras